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Where's your server located?

I'll try answer your questions in the order you had them

• I don't think this would be a problem.  It's only natural that people would set themselves to the task of fixing all of their location data at one time.
• Again, I don't think this is a problem.  There are people out there who are naturally this detail oriented, and would just naturally have perfect listings.
• This could be a problem.  Is your legal business name "Business Name Location?"  If it is, then you shouldn't have to worry about it, but if you are trying to stuff a keyword in there you do have a problem.
• As long as you set your places profile to show that you do business at the their location you are ok with this one.
• From my experience they will just slap the local on top of my normal organic listing.  The only time this doesn't happen is some of my internal pages where I get both a local and universal result.
• Social Media for SEO is still in debate, but the vast majority of SEO's agree that it does have at least a small impact.  That being said, I wouldn't attribute this to your problems unless all of your competitors have massive followings with tons of interaction.
• Google isn't nice enough to announce all of their changes, so the only people that would have any idea are the ones with research departments.  That being said, I haven't heard of any, but I'm sure they are constantly tweaking it.  The only big announcement was Matt Cutts saying that merchant quality was going to become an indicator sometime this year.
• I can feel your pain here.  My company works on a lot of businesses in the same vertical, and the CMS's in this vertical create thousands of pages with the same exact title tags.  My first month is usually spent indexing the site numerous times to try find all the stray Titles that need to be changed.  From my experience this will have a negative impact on your search results.  I'd work quickly to fix the issue.

In the first month of a new client I go on a huge citation building spree, and I've never encountered an issue.  Some of the citations are directories, so I would say that you should have no problems.  Just make sure you just use the companies name in the directories, and don't try getting any keywords in there.  The links aren't worth much at all, like Jesse said, and trying to keyword stuff will just end up hurting your efforts.

If the variations are for cities, then absolutely!  If they are for just slight variations of the words like "car dealers," and "car dealerships," then I would stick to just one page.

So, if it is like your example, and each page is for an individual city, then I would definitely have separate pages for each.

For cases where you are going from dynamic urls to keyword rich ones, it definitely pays off.

i.e. domain.com/112342 to domain.com/keywords

For cases where you are switching from underscores to dashes in the url, it might not pay off.  That would depend on how competitive the vertical is, and if your competitors are doing it properly.  In most cases this change would not be worth it, but if things are really intense on that search, and you can't seem to budge with your internal page, it might be considered.

What are your competitors doing?

Is it really only a difference of color?

Are there that many searches for the different colors?

If the only difference is color, and there isn't that many searches to be had, I'd just create one awesome page.  That way you can go after the category "widget," as well as the individual colors.

It won't hurt your site if that's what you are asking.  Will it rank well?  Really depends on how your organic writing style relates to SEO.  Is it broke up into sections?  Do those sections of decent headers?  Are their pictures?  Are the pictures named appropriately?

What language is the code of the embedded survey?

The short answer is yes, it will help your whole site.

As for the long answer:

Every page that is included in the structure of your website, has internal links pointing to it, or has external links pointing at it will have some amount of authority/page rank.  Of that authority, a page is able to pass 85+% of it's total authority on to other pages.  So, if you have 10 links on that page it will pass around 8.5% of its total authority on to other pages.

So, let's say you have a blog post about the "50 Best Logos Ever." From there you would want to link back to your logo service to try drive authority back to those pages.  That way if your post gets links you will be able to drive more authority back to your pages that make you money.

Unfortunately, quality back links aren't going to come from a list.  The best kind are naturally earned with great content, but you can supplement this process with a great guest blogging process.  To do this you will want to find blogs in your niche, which would be anything about advertising really, and build a relationship with them so that they will accept your guest blog posts.  There's awesome resources out there for best initial emails to start this process, but I don't have any saved off hand.

The ideal option is actually getting links naturally.  To do this you will want to great engaging content that gets people to link to you.  This may be a list of the best 50 logos ever, or 10 reasons why you need a virtual assistant.  Anything that will get people to read it, comment, and then blog about it.

Kevin is completely correct, but I wanted to expand.  The grading on SEOMoz is a measurement of how well you are following on page SEO best practices.  It takes a look at things like Keywords in Title, H1, etc.  Having a poor grade on SEOMoz doesn't mean that you aren't capable of ranking well for the term, it just means that you haven't taken advantage of known ranking factors.

What that tells me is that you may be in 1st right now, but it wouldn't be hard to pass you up.  If you do improve your on-page SEO, though, you will make it harder for people to pass you.

Future Services to Game Google:

• Get 10,000 visitors who spend 20 minutes on site, and 5000 return visitors!

• Get 5000 Facebook shares, and 10,000 Retweets

• Get A Comment With From an Author Rank of over 9000!

In all seriousness, though, I think this may already be happening.  Going through the analytic histories of some of my clients I've seen them get several hundred visits in one day from a keyword that has less than 10 searches a month in the Google Keyword Tool, and they ranked on page 50 of the SERPS.

The strength of the link does depend on the page that it is on.  So, if the home page did have more authority, then it would have a larger impact.

Is the blog hosted on the same domain as your main website?  Like www.domain.com/blog?

If so, there probably isn't any harm in in unless you have thousands of blog posts.  In reality, though, I would vary up the tag.  It can get old for your readers, as well as the robots.  If your blog is hosted off site, though, things change a bit.

Things to consider, though:

• What % does this make up of the content on the page?

• Does this cause your pages to have an enormous amount of the exact match internal link?

• Would my readers want to see this every week/day/hour?

Depends on how cute the cat is.

Unless I'm in the same vertical... insert evil laughter

Yeah, my list really stinks.  Here's the revision lol

-Don't keyword stuff

-Do write something for people

-Have a call to action

-Use LDA

I'd use Screaming Frog to index my site, and then look at the internal links from each page.  You can see the number of links, the text used to link and a bunch of other stats.

Most of the time I see numbers like this when people have extensive menu's that include links to every page on the website.  So, I'd count the number of links in the menu and footer to see if that may be the culprit.

I work in the automotive niche, and almost all of the website providers have issues with duplicate content, and site structure.  However, we are working to improve that.

Anyway, my off-site is mostly going after guest blog posts from local bloggers, as well as anyone writing in my clients niche.  I'm not good with macro's in Excel, so all of my outreach is done by hand.  Beyond that I focus on citations since my clients are always looking for local customers.

When you checked out the different real estate searches did you see a lot of local results?  Whenever I do those searches I see the 6-pack of local results.  That actually makes me really excited, because the average real estate person only has a handful of citations.  So, you could really take over those searches, in theory, with a citation binge.

Things not to do:

• Don't keyword stuff

• Write something readable

• Have a call to action

• Read about LDA: http://www.seomoz.org/blog/lda-and-googles-rankings-well-correlated

On-page optimization is more than just using the keywords.  You have to use contextual clues to reinforce your main keywords.  Talking about Cars?  Write about engines, spark plugs, etc.

I agree with Tom on this point.  I'd create a short snippet, and just link back to the original article.  That way the traffic still flows through you, in case you have Ads on your site.

The only exemption to this for me would be if the content would be so amazing for my community of followers.  In that case I might accept the content, and just no-indexing it.  That way people in your RSS feeds can get it, and not have to jump over to another site, but you won't run into issues with Google.