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I only would guess that google can figure it out.

Google has to figure out missspelling, that a "mention"-theory could work. I mean, with my domain intenseo.de I get a lot of mentions from people wich ment intenso. I don't sell USB-Sticks, sorry. So google has to figure out whats the topic arround the mention and the brands shouldn't do the same thing. So if (and I don't believe that) google counts each and every mention (whenever in future) and handle it like a link, google has bigger tasks than brands with slidely or complete different Domain-names.

Nearly the same thing - I work in an agency named bitskin - do you know _bitskins_for CS:GO? Bitskin gets a lot (thousends) of mentions from people wich meant bitskins - not bitskin. In both cases it's just one letter...

The point is: "Google is able to" doesn't mean: "Google will treat each mention...." 
If Google (will) work(s) with mentions, they will now the fine differences, they know missspelling, what people mean and wich brand is ment. If they wouldn't be sure 200% they won't count - Thats what I think.

If the Penguin is wasn't started in the last few hours, the new "bad" links couldn't have caused a ranking-loss.

If you have bad links and you knew it - disavow them or ask the linking people to delete them. Disavow is a bit pointing Google on a thing they may not have noticed.
If the next penguin isn't a realtime update - you can't recover until the next-one. So if you have bad links (if) you need to get them away quickly - penguin is coming soon.

Go on for link earning by great, shareable & linkable content. 
That's hard to do, but the best thing you can do.

When I first visited the page I saw exactly that: You are beeing redirected. 
I send a really stupid bot to the page (catches onpage stuff). He saw nothing than: "You are beeing redirected" and "You need Java Script to .......".
The problem is, that Google Plus is equal "stupid" and see's that, but why?
Is it a Java Sript redirect? htaccess? There is still something wrong with the redirects, but I cant see much more ATM.

Don't know really what you mean... Did you mean the SERP overlay? In that case: total/all external links.

Dont just copy and paste withoutout canonical - thats duplicate content.
I would translate as much as possible just to serve my usuall quality to spain. Why should I do less than I can? I like to do things right - not just do them...

Don't forget international SEO (hreflang a.s.o): https://moz.com/learn/seo/international-seo

Thats what I would do. Maybe I wouldn't have used a new domain - like to use one .. thats me, what are the others thinking?

Be active in relevant communities and share the post there.
@ the beginning you can get a lot in communities and you get the right (interested) audience.
They will like, maybe share and comment in that community - you need to monitor it. I made hmmm 16 likes in two hours that way - just to show a client what to do.

Its working in some topics in germany pretty well - dont know how it would be in your case.

(The banner is really not the best for ads - like moosa said.)

He said I should use the canonical as what it's made for - he said I shouldn't use it as a redirect - I asked if I should/could use a canonical as redirect and he said: it could happen that google starts to think about it: is it a canonical? should it be a 301? Something like that, and he said I should use redirect Was a german Hangout in September/October.

He didn't say anything about link juice - I just thought it should be that way.

A canonical is (guess it was John Mueller who said it) not give you any linkjuice.
He told me in a Webmaster Hangout to use Canonical only for that what it is made for (not for redirects in that hangout-case). Your idea isn't the perfect canonical example.

I would simply redirect everybody (who is not logged in) to a login/sign page. That would be the best thing for the users (UX). You send them to the homepage, wich is not perfect for ux. I would ignore the linkjuice in that case.

thats easy, they are treated like duplicate content because they are.

The only difference is a different image - no text or anything else. There is in the best case (for a bot) only an alt-tag changing. Watch the sites with "browseo" and you will see it.

It's not a great idea to have relevant text in images. Only humans will see that. Write it on your website and add an image without text.

Nice to read: https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/basics-of-search-engine-friendly-design-and-development

by the way, there are a lot of invisble images on that page, invisible for me.

Like [Peter Nikolow](https://moz.com/users/view/397332) said, you need a special sitemap - that one for both like the code above or in his link i guess, or a special mobile sitemap. Your mobile Sitemap is not a mobile Sitemap, the mobile one should look like this:

 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:mobile="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-mobile/1.0"><url><loc>http://mobile.yourdomain.com/article100.html</loc></url></urlset> 

if there is no difference, why try to do as if? 
If the products are similar and the image is the same I usually take the same image.

I don't know the shop and products, but if the products are the same, even the description, content and so on, you should think about using a canonical tag (from an SEO perspective):
https://moz.com/blog/canonical-url-tag-the-most-important-advancement-in-seo-practices-since-sitemaps

Why ever this page: /Edinburgh-driveway-installers.htm is indexed. The mobile friendly test workls on the sites I tested, also the not-indexed-once. So -> the bot see's the mobile version. Alternate and canocials seems to be ok, its just the indexing.

You tried a new sitemap? You should add the mobile url's included alternate in the existing sitemap:

 <code><urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><url><loc>http://www.yourdomain.com/page1/</loc></url></urlset></code> 

Ok, now I got the questions... sry. I didn't know the answers but I start to google and...  I'll be back

I truly believe that the user is one of the most underrated signals.
I wrote that, but I thought: "maybe it is more a reason than we think..."

I've not that much time today, but: **EGOL **has some perfect examples like "hundsmiserabel" (wich is not really used anymore). The language changes, the words get shorter.  But thats not the problem here. Just 2 things:

[...] für Kursteilnehmer,dass sie Arabisch lernen möchten. Thats not german, that's anything different... _für Kursteilnehmer,arabisch zu lernen. _Thats a lot better. We allready had that:  Bedarf an Menschen, die Arabisch lernen wich is simply not the greatest german ever:  Bedarf an Menschen, die Arabisch sprechen. The rest is correct. But... to hard to read:

Algerien, Bahrain, Ägypten, Irak, Jemen, Jordanien, Kuwait, Libanon, Libyen, Marokko, Mauretanien, Oman, Palästina, Katar, Saudi-Arabien, Sudan, Syrien, Tunesien und den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten ^^ in the middle of that phrase I was like, ok letz go back and search another page.

I usually don't count Keywords, but for "arabisch lernen" the my result #1 used that phrase  exactly one time! It's really hard to read your stuff to the end. That's - for a language school - not really acceptable. You should make me want to read it.

Thats not the reason why you are not ranking well, just bad for readers.

OK I hope we both speak the same language, but as long as we are on moz I do it in english Otherwise it would be hard for you to optimize that domain...

First, when did you start optimizing? Than, you used a lot of exact match phrases in the content, a bit to much for me when I highlight these words. I think you could link to some pages (like the wiki statistics u cite). You also don't link much intern. You can get a lot of positiv signals by linking intern whenever it fits. You don't have one backlink to that page (not Domain) and thats not normal

I hope you realized, that the page is perfect for "fernstudium arabisch" (I know taht a lot, lot, lot more people are searching for "larabisch lernen") - you got position one on that phrase. You may should search for some other keywords/querries - because arabisch lernen is possible in a lot of ways - apps, in school, books...

The Text isn't perfectly written, not a lot of synonyms/semantic - seems like you tried to build senteces with the exact phrase "arabisch lernen" - Here is what I mean: "steigenden Bedarf an Menschen, die Arabisch lernen" you know thats not correct - what you mean is "steigenden Bedarf an Menschen, die Arabisch sprechen". You put that phrase in a lot of senteces but excluded the h1 and url. Hmmm..

A lot more things are possible

Have you looked to the first 10 Results? Some Domains seem to have a linkprofile wich is really killing. Great Designs a lot benefits. What could you do better?

You may get a lot of visits via socials - actually should be somehting possible with that hashtag: #refugees - I don't know how to build a bridge to learn - but google made it with the G-translator - maybe you could brainstorm.

If you like german answers ^^ gplus in my profile + a lot onpage tipps in german on intenseo-blog, but one thing - you chose a pretty hard topic for a SEO Rookie - really. I think you end up pretty sad - you are challenging spiegel-online and a lot of universitys, i-Tunes and playstore. A well known language school just on position 10... Guess they got a lot more budget than you have - just because I saw there TV Ads... really hard topic, tuff competitors - best luck

An easy way to say something about revenue are goals in analytics. It's pretty easy for clients to tell you, what a conversation or lead is worth for them. So you can easy easy use that with goals in Analytics.  Or you need e-commerce tracking - depends on client (https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/1037249?hl=en)

Tom Roberts said what you need. In my country (I don't know where u are from, but you said engl. isn't your native language - so it's also not mine) it is pretty hard to tell people, that it is not usefull to see things like ranking positions and earned backlinks. But earned links can be come from anywhere not your active work and rankings are just - like tom said - a point of organic visits.

Here a lot of people think you can rank under silly keywords wich are searched a lot and you can make organic traffic looks good, when u rank under such keywords. When your client understand, that this is simply not the truth, the three points are all you need (Traffic, Revenue, Conversations/leads)

breakdowns like branded vs non branded, mobile vs desktop are possible.

Hope you live in a country, where people know a bit more how internet/search works. I had to refuse potential clients, because they simply don't understand (or even tried or try to believe)

edit: saw that Tim Holmes mentioned mobile so thumb up 4 you tim

Hi,

I'd like to say, if it makes sense to have link there, I would use that link. Thats allway the first thing I think about when I link externally. In that case, I am not thinking "I need that link" so I would. In that case I dont have problems to chose rel="nofollow".
Special in sitewide footer links I would use nofollow and you should (excepted alternate language sites or something like that). It was John Muller who told Web Design Agencys wich are linking sitewide in footer (with brand name) that they should think about using nofollow (round about april this 2015). Guess thats not really the same thing here, if its the same company.

For the 3 cases - what makes the most sense? Does a link in the footer on the hompage makes sense? Is it better for any human being to have these links sitewide? Makes it more sense to have a single page?
I have different clients with all 3 types, all without penalty (in sitewide links cases, the links are rel="nofollow" and the sites are the same company). I think you can use follow, but why take a risk.

I often cite Cyrus Shepard in that sitewide-footer case and I agree 100% with him, so I cite again: "Don't link externally in the footer. Just don't. I'm not going to go into the reasons. Just don't do that."

https://moz.com/blog/the-rules-of-link-building-whiteboard-friday

Thats the Json-LD Mark-Up for a person, wich you can use with google like the microdate. It doesn’t matter if you place it in the or the section, Google will have no problem reading the code. It could look like that:

1. <script< span="">type="application/ld+json"></script<>
2. {
3. "@context":"http://schema.org",
4. "@type":"Person",
5. "address":{
6. "@type":"PostalAddress",
7. "addressLocality":"Seattle",
8. "addressRegion":"WA",
9. "postalCode":"98052",
10. "streetAddress":"20341 Whitworth Institute 405 N. Whitworth"
11. },
12. "colleague":[
13. "http://www.xyz.edu/students/alicejones.html",
14. "http://www.xyz.edu/students/bobsmith.html"
15. ],
16. "email":"mailto:jane-doe@xyz.edu",
17. "image":"janedoe.jpg",
18. "jobTitle":"Professor",
19. "name":"Jane Doe",
20. "telephone":"(425) 123-4567",
21. "url":"http://www.janedoe.com"
22. }