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If they don't have links built to them, I don't see any benefit in redirects unless some are typical spelling errors for instance. You might be better off picking a few and making specific product microsites that link back to the homepage.
I would suggest start talking with your current customers and see if a newsletter is something that they would be interested in. Maybe do a blog post on it, promoting what will be in your newsletter or even use your social media channels. It all depends on the level of conversation you are currently having with your clients.
Even LinkedIn offers you the opportunity to see people's emails if you wanna steal those. Also don't forget to use your email to engage customers, not just push your items. I recently saw an email that said in the header "first person to email me back with a reply to said question gets a $10 gift card", this will allow you to keep an idea of who is actually engaged with your email and reading it.
Schultzy,
I would remove them, if possible. Especially if you plan on doing a lot of ecommerce related activities, because you have to remember that these links will skew your online marketing stats including page views and bounce rates.
Going back to the Penguin update though, a horse website linking to a financial institute might give off alarms within Google. Google likes your content to be linked to relavent sites within your niche, for example a banking website to be linked to by financial websites and these links do not fit that desciption. You might not be penalized right away, but Google will probably keep an eye on your link building activities.
It's just a naming convention, so for strictly navigational purposes it doesn't matter what you call them as anything will work.
As the other guys said, just go ahead and do the redirect. It would at least help if someone is looking up the new attorney by name. To address the other part of your question, that page that you redirect will not be "blank" as you are telling Google with the 301 redirect that the page has moved.
A blog is just a list of articles and posts anyways, so it sounds like you're actually writing a blog anyways. 
Article spinning? Really, as a long term strategy this doesn't work.
Your customers. Use google tools such as Google Analytics and Google Adwords to find out how they're getting to your site.
Never trust a website promising a quick and easy way to get links. Usually these links have no value and won't serve you any use in the long term.
It's effective for buying YouTube views not customers, which is what you want in the long term right?
Let's face it Marketing is hard and sometimes monotonous work, but when done right awesome results do actually happen. So don't trust any of the quick rich schemes you've mentioned. Do the work, put the hours in, and you will see the results.
I would want to have as few as possible. You have to ask yourself whether or not all those folders are actually needed. As far as indexing, it's more about the hops than the number of backslashes. For instance if a crawler has to go to /denim-jeans then to /py then /c then /c109 then /np then /108 then /p then /3834.html it will likely have some indexing issues, but if the next hop after /denim-jeans is from a link that goes to /py/c/109/np/108/p/3834.html then it likely wouldn't cause any issues for the crawler, but again it's a nasty structure and you have to ask yourself if it is all really necessary.
Great answer Oleg, I would just like to add that on top of the social presence that you should also be looking at NAP listings for the company.
331 pages returned by Screaming Frog.
Sorry, looks like the search wouldn't be causing it. I do see a lot of your crew pages are throwing a 301 redirect to screaming frog, but I can't duplicate this manually. It doesn't seem to crawl past page 9 though. Also, most of your internal links are redirecting as they include the city name in the url, and then strip the city out for the final page. I can't seem to access your robots.txt to see if something is preventing the crawling of these pages, but that might be where the problem is.
It all depends on what your overall goal is. If you have no problem promoting others in your company, feel free to do it, however if you don't want to promote your individuals you are not going to want to do this. (We always suggest promoting the faces within the company, but that's our humble opinion and not always acceptable depending on the company/field. )
As others have said if you are having "high profile individuals" write on your website/blog we would definitely suggest applying authorship to these pages, however if Joe schmo is writing the blog posts I would not worry about it.
Keep in mind as well, Google+ authorship doesn't improve rankings, it does however improve click through rate.
1. I would call this a best practice, not spam.
2. Probably won't hurt, but not really a best practice. Check out http://blog.maxcdn.com/better-image-seo-canonical-headers/ explaining using images multiple times and canonical headers to point to the original source. I also see no problem with different alt texts.
A quick look and it doesn't seem like you have a lot of links yet, which isn't surprising since you haven't launched. You will have some work to establish your brand in Google. It might help to grab a business Google+ page, as it looks like right now you have a personal one. Also, in the link to your G+ profile, never use the /b in the url, this is part of the admin page url. Getting ranked for the term zing means you have to show Google that if people search zing, they are looking for you. I think this will be a difficult task with the word, but as was mentioned start with social profiles before launch, after launch focus on NAP listings, a press release for sure, and niche specific links. If I named a company Michael Jordan, even if I did everything right to establish a brand, it's not likely I would rank when people searched Michael Jordan, so just keep that in mind. There are many other sites using zing in there name or even having the domain zing.com. You have an uphill battle my friend, good luck!
Craig,
It's also important to point out that the PR 7 is the page rank of the domain not an actual page. Since your articles will probably be new pages, these pages will begin with a PR of 0 on a domain with a pr of 7.
Also remember that Google is counting less and less article sites, so you do take the chance of being hit by Google or having these links discontinued in the future.
You should always be questionable about sharing links, especially if someone comes out and directly asks you to share links with them.
Where are they linked FROM? Are they pulled in a menu or a sidebar or are they linked internally somewhere else? If they are not being used, you simply need to delete links to them and they will disappear.
Have you taken a look at your Google Webmaster Tools? Among the various things it will give you a list of all the crawl errors that you have on your website. That might be of help.
All things in moderation. Submitting to a few local or niche directories is great, submitting to 200k that have nothing to do with your website or business is bad. The same with guest blogging, try to keep within your subject matter area and on relevant websites and you will be fine, but getting too many keyword rich links on blogs that aren't even in your niche and you will be penalized.