Short and sweet answer
- rel canonical the pages where you sort by ( siz, price , etc ) even for product you classify by color .( more reading )
- If the pages are split up in to separate pages add rel=prev and rel=next to them ( more reading )
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Short and sweet answer
Just a word of caution :
When you have a custom theme / plugin .. please make sure thing work as its expected because some plugins / themes wont play nice with each other .
Yes they do
Just so you know , when you add a rel canonical the duplicate pages will drop from the SERPs eventually ( assuming google accepts the rel canonical , they don't always do it )
http://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=139394
There is not enough information here to give you the right answer, but here is my 2 cents on the topic
Say you need these duplicate pages to exist for some reason and do NOT want them to be indexed . You can noindex them and have them in the subdomain. So they do not appear in the SERPs and are not duplicate content because Google ignores them. ( Think of it this way : you are telling google , these are duplicate pages and its not meant for the search results )
Say you need these duplicate pages to be indexed , then you use rel canonical on the duplicate pages all tell Google the main page you want to be indexed. ( Think of it this way : you are telling google , these are duplicate pages and you want importance to go to the main one ) FYI : over time this means the other pages will fade away in SERPs
What you don't want to do : put duplicate pages up on sub domain and making no effort to advise the bots they are duplicate .. They will figure it out and that is when they dont like it .
Hope that clears up your doubts , if you need a more specific answer . We will need more info on what exactly you are trying to achieve .
It would be the meta description
I think it comes down to what you want to show up in the SERPs . Will people click through to your site if they see your Brand Name or would you rather have the freedom of creating a longer title that people might like ?
Keri stole my answer .. Just Kidding 
You might want to read up on these topics
http://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=66359
IT could be an on-page redirect . Open up your index file equivalent and look for something like
Header( "Location: http://servicioshosting.com/`" );`
It could be that MozTools is looking at a cached version . You could try fetching it in Google Webmasters Tool to see how Google sees it ( which is what you should really worry about )
But as far as I can see you have 301 in place for that category to your home page : www.webconfs.com/http-header-check.php?submit=submit&url=http://noahsdad.com/mom-md
Just be careful while using any plugin , especially when you do an update because things can break.
I believe the Yoast Plugin throws out a 404 error on sitemaps and categories with a recent update ( The dev could be working on a fix , but make sure what ever is on your site functions properly )
On wordpress you also have to be careful while adding new plugins or updating ( theme, plugins or wordpress itself ) as things with oner plugin might break another one
The is nothing wrong with having a site with no images . One of my favorite site Hacker News has none ( http://news.ycombinator.com/ ) ( ignore the logo wont you
)
that said .. I would ask them why they want to have a website with no images. Talk to them about the advantages for users / how you can optimize the site for images.
Heavens No !!
That would be when your landing page targets those keywords so if you have, ...com/green-screen-home.html as one of the internal page and target that keyword " Green Screen Home" that advice would apply.
IF you have optimized your homepage for " Green Screen " by other ways like having relavant unique content on there and getting editorial back links to that page , then you should be ok.Remember the advice given there are guidelines and don't always apply ( an excellent example is in your case )
You could also look at targeting the keywords on its own landing pages instead of trying to get you keywords with generic pages like About us and Pricing.
One big advice you should take away from that guide is " Make your pages for visitors and not Search Engines " . If you went to a website and went in to the pricing page would you
I would assume NO, I go to pricing page I am happy to see the pricing packages on offer , perhaps a table outlining the difference between the various products on offer , etc
Hope this helps
The results you see might no be realtime data . Got a link to it ?
If you made the change recently you might need to wait till Roger ( MozBot ) catches up to it.
I am trying to figure out why map listings gets split up this way. Some people gets their maplisting to the right while the generic map listing block is down after a few organic listings .
Didn't they at some point of time club orgainc + map together so only one shows up in SERPs ?
I don't see it being an issue . But don't just take my word for it 
There lies the problem , best to manual add the admin folder and other folder you dont want spiders accessing in there
This should help : http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html
This is probably the best place to start : http://www.seomoz.org/beginners-guide-to-seo
I am not a big fan of HTML sitemaps , I would rather put my effort in to internal cross linking from content and an xml sitemap which is submitted via web masters tools
You might also want to look in to using schema.org to markup your Phone # and address ( if you use them )
If you are using address , you might also want to look in to GeoSitemaps
If you site is structured such that the urls contain the categories you wish to sort , you can use something like Screaming Frog ( http://www.screamingfrog.co.uk/seo-spider/ ) and export all the urls and sort them out via excel in to categories and go that way
NOTE : the free version has a 500 url limit, so you might want to look at paid ( ask them if it can handle 17,00 urls before getting it ) or look at http://home.snafu.de/tilman/xenulink.html ( I haven't used it myself , so don't know if you can export stuff to excel from there )
Good luck mate , sounds like you have a big job ahead of you.
I don't think so , but specific landing pages targeted for those keywords with " relevant " content is the way to go
You could make sure the relevant content is listed in your xml site map for starters : http://adoptionconnection.org/sitemap.xml ( its currently blank, assuming of course you have submitted it to Google via Webmasters tools )
Jump in to Web Masters Tools and see the crawl stats and see if there are any errors