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Are you using a CMS? Often some archive files or sitemap, could generate traffic to pages which doesn't exist. How about a search function? Do you have any type of domain.com/s=?something that is being linked to?

Shopify is good in many ways, but is also somewhat restrictive, in terms of URL. I would go with the shortest URL possible, which in this case is also the most describing one.

Shopify URLs are not good in terms of having a descriptive URL structure, and from I can tell, the so called, Shopify Experts, are only concerned about a webshop making any money. Not that they are possibly losing SEO benefits.

Short and simple. I look forward to see the series!

Yes use noindex, follow for that

I can see the issue with auctionbased e-commerce sites. But a search result page could be both dynamic and static:

domain.com/results/name-of-search-string

or

domain.com/results/?q=something

I think that optimizing a search result page would be rather difficult since it depends on a unique search which is inpredictable. However, using a static URL for a result page is no good either, as it creates a ton of pages in an index with no meaning.

I wouldn't think that any common site should index their search result pages.

I am not sure that I understand, but I will try to guess a bit here:

1. You are publishing a post that contains the image of a Lamborghini but with no text content.

2. When you hit publish, it creates 2 posts with 2 almost identical URLS.

Are you having issues with WordPress making 2 posts at the same time?

If you wish to block your pages from search engines, then you should use noindex and not disallow in robots.txt. In many cases, a robots,txt is doing more harm than good.

What is your URL?

As far as I can see, you have made a new post with the same URL. That is why WordPress writes -2 at the end.

Is this happening automatically? Otherwise you could manually remove it.

Well, you could be present with a local result, organic and paid (AdWords) and have different pages with variants of your keyword rank for that term.

What is the URL of your site?

Try to have a look at Dr. Petes analysis of the SERP: http://moz.com/blog/the-incredible-shrinking-serp

You are welcome, I do not seem to recognize a CMS present on your site, but it should be something that your programmer would be able to fix.
On another note, your are outputting Google Analytics as well as Google Tag Manager at the same time. Beware that this might conflict with your Analytics data.

If you want to use GTM, then fire a GA tag instead of outputting it directly on the page.

Subdomains are seperate from your root domain SEO. I guess that you do not want search engines to discover the new site?

Deploy a noindex tag on the site to make sure that it is not indexed in the search engines. However, if you place it in a subfolder on your site (e.g. domain.com/site/) I will affect the overall impression of the site from a search engines perspective.

You could take a look at the Moz guide about domains (it could help you understand the difference in subdomains and root domains in respect to SEO): http://moz.com/learn/seo/domain

You should add more text content in terms of getting the search engines to rank you better. But most important are your links. Have you taken a look at your link profile (e.g. use OSE for that)?

I can see that you are running WordPress, have you tried using an optimization plugin like Yoast SEO? It could help you out with On-Page optimization of your site. Using your data from GA is also worth looking into. How is your advertising going (I assume that you are running AdWords with the remarketing script located on your site)?

Well, your issues are with tags and I would rather noindex them than using a canonical tag.

There are no reason for the search engines to find tag categories and it doesn't help a searcher either (on site it can be useful however).

rel="canonical" should be used for content which is similiar like a product with different attributes, a product with multiple URLs with the same content, or if you syndicate content from another site.

Remember that rel="canonical" is only good to use if you cannot hardcode your way out of it. If you can remove the need for the tag, by either removing the indexation of the tag category or making the blog function different, then that would be the deal solution.

Read about rel="canonical" here: https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/139066?hl=en

It seems to create links across the site, for better internal linking. Well, optimizing the internal link structure is good, but I wouldn't recommend using a plugin to automate links in general.
Not all links will be relevant on all pages, so I am not sure how this would be benificial?

Do you have a very large site?

Sounds great, there shouldn't be any problems then.

Good luck with the launch!

If the URLs are the same, then yes. A reindexation will do the trick.

If the domain name and URLs are the same, then you shouldn't worry. Prompt for an reindexation using Google Webmaster Tools to let Google know that the site has changed.
If URLs have changed, make 301 redirets to related pages.

I am guessing that you are using RWD and not a mobile site?

In Webmaster tools, are there many duplicate descriptions?

What do you mean by losing all the existing URLs?

Yes we do, you can contact me on my profile for further action on this.

I don't think that removing the thumbdown is a bad idea. A negative thumb should have some sort of comment associated, in order to be critique.
I was worried that the thumbs down was removed all together, but thankfully only on blog posts!

Regarding Google AdWords, it counts the actual landing page that the user (bot) ends up at. So if you are redirecting from 1 page to another on your domain, that is perfectly fine. Google AdWords accounts for CTR, relevance etc. (see more here: https://support.google.com/adwords/answer/2454010?hl=en).

This means that the QS will be calculated using the landing page after all redirects, just remember to keep the number of redirects to a minimum due to load time for the user.

Another thing, if you wanted to make an ad which pointed to a redirect which did not work, your ad would get disaproved. Google AdWords will surely keep you notified if your landing page is not working.

Like Highland is saying, most often a redirect is used to track a click from AdWords, if they want to collect additional data about their campaign.