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Create question "category" pages that groups up multiple answers into larger, more encompassing pages.

Are you saying you have two mobile sites? One that loads on the desktop url based on UA and one that is located in the /m/ folder?

If so, 301 redirect from /m/ to new mobile urls (which would be same as desktop urls).

If I misunderstood, a specific example would be helpful.

Yes, that would do good. Since content is identical for each of these products, there should only be 1 URL with all of the variations of that product in order to consolidate all of the authority. If you want to keep all of the variations in search, look into creating anchor links that point to the same "master" url. e.g. http://www.prams.net/easywalker-mini-buggy-lightweight-union-jack-b can be linked as http://www.prams.net/easywalker-mini#union-jack

That way, the URL is the structure is more SEO friendly but aesthetically the site is identical.

Yep, seems right. I'd say you don't have enough authority yet to rank for a generic term. You would have to be #1 for "zing company" first i believe. But you are on the right path... just need to build more brand awareness and let google better learn the association between "zing" and your company.

My guess is that once you reach a certain "authority", you should see your rankings jump for "zing".

Here are the 4 you should submit (if you don't have the site in https, can just do the first two)

1. abc.com
2. www.abc.com
3. https://abc.com
4. https://www.abc.com

the http:// is the default protocol so no need to do both http:// and without any protocol

Its 1000 images per page. So you can have a sitemap with 50k urls and up to 1k images for each url.

Easiest way is to incorporate the images into the URL sitemap.

Is it worth it? If you have many images that are well optimized for specific target keywords, then yes. You can drive a lot of traffic from image search when optimized properly.

1 and/or 3. not 2.

if there is a lot of volume and its competitive keywords, #3 would help you build sites that are more focused on specific topics (which are ranking well now). Note that this is harder to manage/maintain and will have a larger investment in marketing than option 1.

I also think you should have 1 "corporate/umbrella" website that does what your option 1 says which links to your option 3 sites. Hopefully you can have both sites ranking for your terms.

Not tags with "testing.html" in them. How bad is this? Does it matter?

very bad. you are better off not using the hreflang tag at all then... you'll just be confusing search engines.

www.example.ca/testing.html should have:

I can see the links working in reverse (page=200 links to page=199 via rel="prev" code) but what is the largest number and where did that link come from?

Good news is that Google isn't picking up on those urls so you should be find rankings wise (its a Moz crawler issue) - https://www.google.com/search?q=site:http://www.interstellarstore.com/star-trek-memorabilia%3Fpage%3D&start=0

1. If you want to deindex all PDF files, I recommend using the x-robots-tag in .htaccess - https://yoast.com/x-robots-tag-play/

2. If the PDFs are pdf versions of existing pages, I would set canonicals to point to the URL you do want indexed (#2 on http://moz.com/blog/htaccess-file-snippets-for-seos )

https://search.google.com/structured-data/testing-tool/u/0/#url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prams.net%2Fbrevi-ovo-twin

Fix your "lowPrice" and "highPrice" markup (remove € and add priceCurrency)

to be honest, I think it was automatically flagged (same ratings/reviews on multiple urls) and if you can request reconsideration, they'd approve.

Check out this awesome post by AJ Kohn

To answer your question...

"What I’ve observed over the last few years is that pages that haven’t been crawled recently are given less authority in the index. To be more blunt, if a page hasn’t been crawled recently, it won’t rank well."

"The pages that aren’t crawled as often are pages with little to no PageRank. CrawlRank is the difference in this very large pool of pages. You win if you get your low PageRank pages crawled more frequently than the competition."

Great question, don't have definitive answer.

My guess is that Google would use the final page source (post javascript) since this is what is does when a website adds content via javascript post load. So if you remove the links, they shouldn't be counted.

I'd test this by fetching as google and seeing what it sees as the source.

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Overall, I don't think having double links to the same URLs will hurt your SEO much. Overall consensus is that only the first link will be counted anyways.

Other search engines use structured data too and wouldn't know if you use the highlighter tool.

I prefer/recommend using structured data in the HTML code. There are lots of generators that will help you create the code you need.

If its possible to avoid a redirect, do.

www.corporatesite.com/product/ -> www.consumersite.com/product/ is better than adding a redirect into the chain.

use #2 if search engines can see the content that would be on the other pages. if they can't see it, then use rel=next/prev

noindex means that crawlers can still visit the page (using crawl budget). You would need to link to those pages using a nofollow tag + block via robots.txt to prevent crawlers from accessing them.

Overall, if those pages aren't being crawled currently, then they aren't affecting your crawl budget since they aren't being visited. However, if you build more authority to your website, your crawl budget will grow so crawlers might start visiting those pages again.

check out https://developers.google.com/webmasters/ajax-crawling/docs/learn-more#current-practice

Essentially, you should have the AJAX load "onclick" but have the "href" link to the hardlink for people who don't have JS enabled (and crawlers).

From my experience*, using a subfolder structure will yield the best results.

I think the more important factor is how these pages are linked to from within other pages on your website. You need to build links from high authority internal pages to your degree pages using keyword rich anchor text. If you do this from both websites, I don't think it will make much of a difference which domain the pages are hosted on. i.e. if you link to the degree pages sitewide from both domains, you will see similar results hosting them on either domain.

So if you are going to move the degrees to the other domain, you might as well switch to a subfolder structure. If not, focus on building a stronger internal link profile.

*As you said, this topic is highly debated. Google's official stance is that there is no difference for ranking between subfolder/subdirectory. They also say that if the content on the subdomain is highly relevant to the content on the root domain, they will be treated as the same domain (authority overflows).

Google's official recommendation is just to unblock js/css and let it figure it out since it's smart enough now. I personally like to give as many suggestions/clues to follow as possible so that it doesn't get confused.

IMO, the onclick/href hybrid is probably the best for user experience. With proper canonicals set up (so that Google only indexes 1 version and avoids any duplicates), it's also my suggested method for SEO.