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What is your goal here? What is on the businessname.com? What is in hospital.com/businessname/?

Off the bat, I think canonicals will be involved.

Google considers link location for link authority (e.g. header links get more weight than footer/sidebar links). Maybe try adding a "Featured" sidebar widget above your filters and link to your hottest selling sections (would prob improve conversions too )

My guess is that Google doesn't have enough clues as to what the images are and treating them all as the same. All of them have the same alt text ("View Slideshow"), image file names are just numbers & surrounding text is the same for each listing.

I recommend optimizing your images (e.g. on http://www.nyc-officespace-leader.com/listings/347-varick-st-office-lease-2267sf image filenames would be 181-varick-st-nyc-office-rental-1.jpg and have alt text = Commercial Office Space Rental at 181 Varick St NYC)

P.S. Why does URL say 347 Varick st yet page description say 181 Varick st?

Go to webmaster tools and do a "Fetch as Google" 

If you see the content in the source, it will be crawled.

1. There is no such thing as an SEO SSL certificate. You just need one that is 2048 bit encryption ideally

2. Having an entire site as https is not a bad thing... in fact it's recommended by Google.

3. Its up to you to implement it sitewide or only on pages with secure information being exchanged (checkout, login)

There is a small boost to SEO from https urls but there also might be a small dip in rankings from switching over (and using 301 redirects). In addition, if you mess up the URL transfer, you could hurt yourself so be sure to do a proper site move.

keep the url, change the name/keywords. nobody can really tell you what to expect.. if the competition is stronger than you for the new keyword, you might lose your current rankings and not be able to compete on the new term. Or if the competition is weak, you could start ranking for both terms.

Do some competitor analysis and compare the risk/reward of changing keywords.

This is the right answer.

Great way to check is to see if you have multiple versions of that URL indexed, which you don't: https://www.google.com/search?q=site:http://www.key.co.uk/en/key/platform-trolleys-trucks

Your "SEO Expert" is wrong and the content is indexed. This is most notable in FAQs... clicking on the question drops down the previously invisible div with the FAQ answer. Both the question and answer is indexed by search.

Here is an example... searched phrase is in an invisible div but still appears in search.

https://www.google.com/search?q="If+you+can+log+into+your+account%2C+we+recommend+changing+your+password.+If+you+can%27t+get+into+your+account+you+can+secure+it+here."&rlz=1C1SKPL_enUS434US440&oq="If+you+can+log+into+your+account%2C+we+recommend+changing+your+password.+If+you+can%27t+get+into+your+account+you+can+secure+it+here."

In theory, no. an ecommence store can have  en-us and en-uk as hreflangs, which would have the same content but different currency - totally acceptable.

Sounds like you are in the same scenario.

Unnatural link messages = manual penalty, so yes. You should submit a RR. I would go through all of your links, disavow all of the bad ones that you weren't able to remove, then submit the RR. If you do it right, you shouldn't have any problems having the penalty lifted (its been a while and you seem to have been doing a lot to remedy the issue)

I'm a believer in subfolder > subdomain

My guess is that the penalties expired then. If you received letters, there would be a notification under the "Manual Actions" tab. They expire every year I believe.

If that's the case, I wouldn't worry about it.

EDIT: try accessing your site via https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/reconsideration

I've removed many manual penalties by submitting only a disavow file. Google can't really track which links were removed by you or naturally so they can't consider that when deciding on your reconsideration request.

"if someone visits fullcompanyname.com/products/my-favorite-product, it will still work without having to setup 301 redirects." -- what do you mean it will work? Where are your parking the domain? Do you mean domain masking it over the compname.com domain?

I recommend doing individual 301 redirects for the top content pages then doing bulk 301 to a relevant category or homepage for the rest. I would also recommend transferring all content from fullcompanyname.com to compname.com as it'd be a waste to just get rid of it.

What does your robots.txt file contain? (or share the link)

Try removing it, clearing server cache and fetching as google again.

Yes, you should fix the duplicate/copied content on the blog. Some options:

• Remove the pages
• noindex the pages
• Rewrite the content
• Add canonical link to original articles

There could be other things affecting the penalty but fixing this seems like a good place to start.

Not much unfortunately. Just make sure the website is as secure as possible as hacked pages usually do more damage than bad links.

If you continue to build quality content and links, the effects of the spammy backlinks will continue to diminish (until as some point, you will be considered an authority and negative SEO won't really work any longer). But until then, staying up to date on incoming backlinks and updating the disavow file is your best bet.

That is the way breadcrumbs function. Those links are the categories of the Aruba page. So if you make another page (e.g. Aruba climate) as a subpage of Aruba, you can add that category to the url and you'll see the Aruba breadcrumb (but not 'Climate').

My guess it's a http(s) and www/nonwww issue. e.g. you have the www version in GSC which contains a sitemap that has non-www urls and you force remove www on the actual web pages (so the non-www pages are indexed, but the www. version of the site you are looking at in GSC isn't)

Make sure all of these are consistent.

I would set sitewide canonicals from both versions to the .com site. I wouldn't block any pages since people might still stumble and link back to the .us version.

I'm not positive about google auto-checking https versions of websites without any direction but it could be plausible. I know a common way that Google finds https urls is by going to the "My Account" or "My Cart" page which is https, which then changes any relative URLs from http to https, go G re-crawls all of those. Maybe that's what is happening on your end?