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If you use the Adwords Keyword Tool, you can find out the search volume for your keywords (make sure to uncheck "Broad" and check "Exact" in the sidebar):

https://adwords.google.com/o/KeywordTool

Once you figure out the search volume, you can then calculate how many people will actually click through to your site. This will depend on your keyword, meta tags, and ranking, but a conservative estimate would be 40% for #1 position, 25% #2, 15% #3, 10% #4, etc. You can find more info here:

http://www.seomoz.org/ugc/click-through-rates-in-google-serps-for-different-types-of-queries

Your revenue then would be your expected traffic * your conversion rate * amount of revenue per conversion.

It looks like the sites are just taking the content from their site, and putting it onto other blogs to generate backlinks. It's hard to imagine links from all that duplicate content helping much, but apparently it's working well enough for them. What keywords are they ranking for?

To answer your question, though, you absolutely should not give up on these niches. These sites barely have any PR. You should be able to easily outrank them with a decent site and a few authoritative links.

Honestly, none of these URL structures is going to have an impact on your rankings, but my preference would be for www.website.com/apples?page=2.

The more important thing is to make sure that you have your canonical tags and rel=next/prev implemented properly.

This is a great list of link building ideas that should help you think outside the box:

http://pointblankseo.com/link-building-strategies

The overall goal with your SEO and internet marketing efforts should be to become a recognized brand in this niche, because Google is looking more and more at brand & authority for its rankings. But some good links will definitely be a good start.

Here is a good resource for rich snippets/semantic markup. It's actually very easy to implement, and should take you no more than an hour tops.

http://moz.com/blog/schema-examples

The Penguin updates primarily target sites that have a lot of spammy external links with exact anchor text match.

So if your keyword is "klokken", and a large number of your external links (let's say greater than 40%) use the keyword "klokken" as the anchor text, then Google will think you have an unnatural link profile, and that you're just trying to game the search results.

The only thing to do with Penguin is to remove all the spammy/unnatural links coming to your site. For those links you can't remove, use the disavow tool in Google Webmaster Tools. Then file a reconsideration request, once all the links are removed.

Expect your site not to rank as well even if you recover from the penalty, since you've lost a lot of links. Then it's time to start building links.

Gina is correct. Google does not guarantee that it will display your photo in the SERPs, even if you have the right authorship code. Author snippets are pretty finicky, and can disappear one day then reappear the next.

It looks like the code is set up properly, so just focus on continuing to build up your author profile, and the picture should start showing up again.

500 words seems pretty short, are you sure these are high quality articles?

What are you doing to promoted these articles?  Are you sending out e-mails to other people in your niche that would be interested in your articles?  Contacting them on Twitter and other social media?  Posting your article to social bookmarking sites?  Submitting your articles to news sites for your niche?

Like Donnie said, you can just build it and expect people to find it.  Make great stuff and do some outreach.  If that doesn't get you any traction, maybe your content isn't being received by your audience as well as you thought it would be.

The best way to get listed in DMOZ is to become an editor. Start with a minor sub category that is related to your topic, then work your way up the hierarchy by building a track record of good edits.

Canonicals do work cross-domain. We do it with a number of our own sites, and it works exactly like you would expect it to.

http://searchengineland.com/google-supports-cross-domain-canonical-tag-32044

The meta description is not used for rankings and does not need to be unique.  However, Google often uses it as the description of your site that shows up in the SERPs, so you want to make it descriptive to entice searchers to click on the link.  Think of it like the copy for an AdWords ad.

My personal preference when it comes to navigation is fewer options than too many. The tendency is to want to put everything in there, "just in case", but most users will not even click on a fraction of those links, and you can end up confusing people with too many options.

I would install a click tracker such as CrazyEgg or ClickTale (or use Google in-page analytics) to figure out which links people are actually using, and then remove the ones people aren't clicking on as much. I'm also a big fan of changing the navigation based on what section of the site you are, so when you're on the homepage the navigation might only display the top level categories, but when you drill down it shows you more categories.

As for SEO impact, there are both pros and cons. On the one hand, you reduce the number of links per page (general recommendation is around 100 links per page), but you will no longer be linking to those sub-sub-categories from your home page. My suggestion, as with any large sitewide change, would be to test it. Test removing the links for a week or two, and see if it has any impact on SEO or user metrics. Then decide whether to keep them or leave them based on actual data.

Do you mean soft 404 errors? If there are no links going to those pages, then you don't have to worry about. If there are links from your site, fix them. If there are links coming from external sites, 301 redirect them to a relevant page.

All links cause the on-page pagerank to be diluted, regardless of whether they are followed or nofollowed.  So if you are worried about link juice evaporation, nofollowing links won't solve the problem, only removing them will.

A site: search of your site shows over 800 pages indexed by Google. Take a look at the search results or Google Webmaster Tools to figure out where the extra pages are coming from:

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aprintlabelandmail.com

If you are using Wordpress, the likely culprits are: category pages, tag pages, archive pages, and paginated pages.

Why would you want to remove it from the SERP? There's no harm in it being there, and it's unlikely to outrank your actual pages for your keywords.

My opinion: Every page that offers some kind of value to the user should be indexable.  Of course, this is assuming your offer pages are not purely duplicate content, and you provide unique value on them.

Expired offers are trickier.  Having an expired notice at the top, with links to similar job offers that are currently open will allow you to continue to get search traffic to those pages.  An alternative option is to noindex/follow them, so that they no longer appear in search results, but continue to pass on any link equity they've acquired.

Are you still linking to those pages? If so, I would just keep the noindex,follow meta in the header. That way you still benefit from the link juice flowing to these pages, link juice that would be lost if you just blocked them from being crawled via robots.

The canonical tag looks fine, you can include it anywhere within the section of your page.

That's an interesting question.  Semantic markup can be used to help Google understand what different pages are (i.e. tag pages), but it doesn't really solve the problems caused by duplicate content, namely:

1. Thin Content - Tag pages and other similar pages are thin content, with not much utility for the user, and are probably not going to rank well in Google anyway.  Even if they do rank, they won't convert as well as your main pages.
2. Keyword Cannibalization - Even if your tag pages & duplicate content rank, they could potentially outrank your main content, leading to lower conversions.
3. Panda - Too many thin content pages can lower Google's opinion of your site as a whole, leading to a Panda penalty.

Given the problems above, semantic markup doesn't really help with any of them.  Semantic markup can help Google understand what a tag page is, but that doesn't mean you want to have that page indexed.

The discrepancy between noindexed/indexed pages is not in itself a problem. However having all those pages will present a challenge to Google, in terms of crawling. Even though the pages won't be indexed, Google will need to spend some of your limited crawl budget crawling all those pages.

Also, to recover from Panda it's necessary to not only noindex duplicate content, but improve your indexed content. That means things like consolidating similar pages into one page, writing unique content for your pages, and getting unique user-generated content such as reviews.