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This sounds like the best approach. Typically, most crawlers won't save or interact with cookies, so Google etc will just see the site they've requested.

No problem! Thanks for the suggestion! I will pass that on as feedback Eli

Absolutely not. Google reads a text view (view source) of the page, where it doesn't matter if that content is "hidden" first of all. Unless it's being dynamically loaded with ajax when you click on the button. If it's there from moment 0 when the page loads, but just hidden with CSS you have nothing to worry about. Hope this helps If it does please send a like. Thanks!

How is it that signed in and signed out users get different urls for the same page, I have never actually seen this practice in any CMS I have seen or used before. Client should not decide these things... you as the developer or the seo should provide the right way of doing things and explain to them why. To say the least you are dealing with duplicate content as as risk and in that case you can use canonical tag to specify the primary page. But I would not listen to the client for what they demand, a lot of times clients have no friggin clue about this stuff and ask the vendors to shoot them in their own foot... good vendors will counter with proper reasoning and explanation and if you are the SEO in charge in this case, know that their insisting decisions will have major implications in the results you get and the treatment and longevity of contract you get from these clients... just my 2 cents from few years of doing this as a freelancer, but now I am running my own team and agency and client says this does not mean anything to me anymore when it comes to technical decisions. I ask them about their end goal and find the right way of achieving that.

Hi, If you use the hreflang tag correctly to tell search engines that your "/es" sub directory is another language, your domain shouldn't loose any authority. Resources: https://moz.com/learn/seo/hreflang-tag https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/189077?hl=en

Hey there, Personally, I don't look at footers as duplicate content, whether they are the same across multiple domains or multiple subdomains. More often than not, footers are pretty generic and contain social links as well as a few links to secondary pages on the site such as 'terms and conditions'. Unless you're packing your footer with a large chunk of text, I wouldn't worry about duplicate content issues as there aren't going to be any. Duplicate content on main pages across sub domains will ALWAYS be the biggest issue and that should be concentrated on above site footers - I would have a word with your outsourced specialists and ensure they're concentrating on the biggest wins for the site rather than the nitty gritty bits that would have little to no impact. All the best, Sean

Theoretically, if the URL is blocked  by  robots.txt it should not appear in the index results no matter if they are in the sitemap but I have seen URLs indexed that are blocked by robots.txt but are in the sitemap and have good links pointing to it. If you want to block pages that have good links pointing to them, my advice is to remove them from sitemap. #justathought. About URLs from multiple domains, I personally create separate sitemaps for different subdomains and link to main sitemap and I see better indexing that way. Again, these are my personal experiences and not rules so please do keep that in mind as things can be different fro them.

If you suspect a bug with the data you're seeing, I would recommend writing into help@moz.com with details of what you're seeing so that we can investigate! Thanks!