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The proper way to handle this is with rel=alternate hreflang tags.  This will tell Google the content is the same, but in different languages.  See http://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=189077 for more info.  You can place meta tags on each page, or do it in your sitemap.

Other things you can do to help search engines get it right is to set up a profile in Google Webmaster Tools for each of the directories (or at least for the Thai one), and set the geotargeting.  For Bing, they prefer you set the country and language on each page (see here).

If you block the pages with robots.txt or use canonical tags, you're telling Google not to include those pages in SERPs.  It sounds like you want the Thai pages to appear in Thai results, and the English pages in English SERPs, so I wouldn't do that.

images.google.com used to be show up as a referrer, but Google changed that and lumped it in with organic search.  So I don't think there's a good way to see it in GA anymore.  Hopefully someone can correct me if I'm wrong!

I found one post where someone edited their GA script so it would start reporting images.google.com traffic separately: http://jrom.net/google-images-in-google-analytics.  You might consider that if it's important to you.

Google images can search by image!  Go to images.google.com, and click the little photo icon on the right of the search bar.  You can search by image URL, or upload the image directly to Google to search.

If you have new pages that are similar to your old pages, the old pages no longer need to exist.  Usually this involves putting redirects in your conf file.  I've never used Joomla, but I think the conf file would live outside of that (e.g. in Apache).

What you have there is just blocking rootdomain.com/javascript:void(0).  Googlebot can execute and index JavaScript; you should not block it without a good reason.  I'd let it read the JavaScript and see the submenus.

Is the folder itself also a page?  Why not just make domain.com/xyz-products/ serve the domain.com/xyz-products.php page?  That seems like the most intuitive way for it to work.  When people want to get back from a product page within the xyz-products directory to the top level page, they may just edit the URL and delete everything after that (I do this all the time).

If you want to stick with the structure you listed, it shouldn't have any issues other than what I mentioned above.

You should do redirects for these pages if you can.  The probable reason they keep showing up and getting crawled is because people linked to those pages before you redid your site, and Google is continuing to come across those links.  If you 301 redirect them to their new counterparts, people will be getting to the content they're looking for when they click those links, and also the link juice from those links will pass to the new pages, so the new pages should also rank better.

If you don't want pages in those Disallowed directories to be indexed, then you're doing fine.  These pages won't be able to be crawled, so, they won't be likely to appear in search results for any search engines.

The last three entries look fishy to me.  I'd need to know what types of URLs you're trying to block to fix them.  For the last one, if you're looking to block all pdfs on your site, the syntax would be Disallow: /*.pdf.

What's your plan for the new pages?  Are you going to support both http and https browsing of your site for all pages?  If so Streamline Metrics answer is spot on.

Or are you switching all your pages from http to https?  Do realize that having all secure pages means the browsers won't be able to cache anything from page to page, and makes page sizes slightly larger, so your page load times will suffer for every page view.  This is a major reason why most sites are non-secure for as many pages as possible, and are only secure for pages that need it.  I'd strongly consider doing this, or supporting both http and https (with canonical tags) if possible.

<spans>are all over the web, and used in lots of different situations.  It shouldn't adverse affect your rankings.</spans>

That being said, going over your site and adding s into all your <a>s doesn't sound like fun... and after all you may want to change it again down the road.  You can't accomplish something similar with CSS?  I think styling your</a> <a>s with "display:block;" should accomplish the same thing as adding this to all your</a> <a>s?</a>

My preference is Optimizely.  It does everything I need it to.  I've run tests where I've changed multiple elements on multiple pages, and it's super simple to set everything up.  We also test for multiple goals on our site with differing revenue, which they support seamlessly.  You can try it out for free on their site without creating an account or anything, to see how you like it.

The A/B testing provider I prefer is Optimizely. You can do this all within their interface. Their support is fantastic so if you have issues they can help you resolve them quickly, even if it's just help on how to set up a particular test.

They also have a 30-day trial and you can test out their editor on the spot without installing anything to see how it works, just by entering your URL on their home page.

Take a look at the following recent posts and Q&A thread about content creation in "boring" niches (not to say cheese is boring).  They seem relevant to your question with regards to generating content:

• http://www.seomoz.org/blog/companies-in-boring-niches-creating-great-content
• http://www.seomoz.org/blog/the-guide-to-developing-a-content-strategy-for-boring-industries
• http://www.seomoz.org/ugc/whiteboard-takeover-5-awesome-content-ideas-for-boring-niches
• http://www.seomoz.org/blog/define-and-align-a-manageable-content-and-social-media-marketing-process
• http://www.seomoz.org/q/example-of-a-local-boring-niche-site-in-a-relatively-high-competition-area-using-strictly-white-hat-tactics

I'd be interested in seeing your reviews as well.

First, make sure you set the geographic target in your Google Webmaster Tools if you have a specific geographic target.  If not, Google recommends you don't set a geographic target it just for language purposes (see here).  In that case, Google will figure out the language on its own (see here).

You have a few options for setting the language on the page, which is what Bing is looking for.  They have a nice write-up about it here.

Each subdomain can have its own sitemap and robots.txt, so set those up like you would normally.

A good rule of thumb is to do what you think is better for your users, and not necessarily for SEO, as search engines are always moving in the direction of optimizing their users' experiences. Since those shorter URLs are easier for users, you've got your answer right there!

Since your domain is hookah.org, people will know that /blog/ and /forum/ are going to be related to hookahs, so there's no need to repeat the word in the URL. If the domain was more general or a brand, or had more than 1 blog or forum, then adding hookah to the URL would make sense.

Sure!  The #1 thing I'm on the hunt for is spend without conversions.  If this is a new campaign or ad group, I'll adjust the max CPC.  If I suspect something else is a foot, I might check to see if a particular keyword is not converting or needs a CPC adjustment, or check the search query report (or placement report for display network campaigns) for negative keywords that might be causing the issue.  If I can't find anything, and changing the CPC didn't help, I may have to accept that the idea didn't pan out and delete it.

If I happen to notice a CTR looks low as compared to other ad groups in a campaign, I might try testing new ad copy for it.  A lot of times that can help bring up the CTR.

For new campaigns, I'll tweak the campaign settings when appropriate.  One example of this was testing Google's in-app ad targeting that they recently released.  I picked a few types of apps that are relevant to our site, and started running ads.  My site isn't super mobile-friendly, but works well on tablets, so when it started to spend a bit and wasn't converting, I stopped targeting mobile devices and focused only on tablets.  When that continued to spend and not convert well enough, I changed it to target only tablets on wifi, since our site has a lot of back and forth between the browser and our server, and 3G can be slow sometimes.

Other times if I'm geotargeting the US, and the campaign is doing awesome, I'll give it a few more countries, like Canada and the UK, and continue adding countries as they convert well.

Hope that helps!  Diagnosing issues is one of the many fun parts of PPC.

First, I work in-house managing our PPC accounts, and it's only part of my job.  We have a fairly sizable account in terms of spend, campaigns, and keywords, so I imagine it's similar to auditing several smaller accounts.

I usually check every morning to see how everything went the day before.  Nothing too in depth.  If I have new campaigns or ad groups, I check in on them every day for a month or so to see how they're converting, and if I need to make any tweaks or adjustments to any bids or settings.  Basically, I make sure that things are running smoothly!  Some things that can make this easier (in Adwords) are automated rules and labels.

On Mondays, I like to go in and see how everything went the week before.  Pretty much the same thing as my daily spot check, but over a week long duration.  I'll also check things like last 30 days for smaller spending campaigns to make sure we're seeing some conversion activity.

I run lots of reports monthly.  It takes me more than a day to get through all of them.

It's not bad necessarily.  You want to keep your ad text and landing page relevant to the keywords in each ad group.  So if you have a keyword in which you want a very specific ad to show up, that's fine.  Otherwise, if you're ok with the same ad text and landing page showing up for a set of keywords, you can put all of those keywords in the same ad group.

Note that you can control max CPC bids on keywords, so if one isn't converting as well, or one is doing really well, you can change the bids at the keyword level.

You should be using location targeting to those specific locations for your campaigns, and leaving the locations out of your keywords.  So if someone in Henderson searches for "elementary private school", they'll see your ad.

For the Henderson campaign, the default Adwords setting will now show ads to people who search for these keywords in Henderson, or people who search for "Henderson NV elementary private school", which is probably what you want.  If you'd prefer to exclude those searchers outside of Henderson, you can do that in your campaign settings as well with the Location > Target option, by selecting "People in my targeted location".