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Go to your Keywords tab, and select that single keyword, Go to the Keyword details tab, and select "Auction Insights".  This will give you a bunch of useful information:

• Impression share: How often you ad shows up
• Avg. position: The average position of your ad when it does show up
• Overlap rate: You can see how often your ad appears vs. other advertisers
• Position above rate: How often you're ranking above other advertisers.
• Top of page rate: How often you're at the top of the page (vs. the side).

So if your average position is already between 1-2, and your impression share is high, raising the bid probably won't do much.  However, if you're not at the top of the page much, or your impression share is lower, you might be able to get more clicks by raising the bid.

Definitely 301 redirecting them is the way to go.  Make sure each page on the redirected domain maps to the corresponding page on your main domain.

It sounds like you know a few pages on these domains you want to redirect that rank well.  I'd pick one of these domains to start with, and redirect all of its pages to the corresponding pages on your main domain.  Wait until Google reindexes those pages that rank well, and try those searches again.  That page on your main domain should rank at least as well as the page on the old domain, and hopefully even better since their link juices are consolidated.

If you're highly risk-averse, you can continue doing this domain by domain.  Otherwise, you can batch them and do several at once, or just redirect the rest of them.  Just make a note of the searches where pages on these other domains were doing well, and check that those pages on your main domain does just as well after those pages get reindexed.  Personally, if it worked for one, I'd feel pretty safe doing all of them, and then keep checking the SERPs afterward to make sure nothing bad happened.

How gradual the process is will be determined by how quickly the pages are reindexed.  If they're reindexed quickly, you'll be able to see if it's working and can keep moving forward.

One thing you can do is install Google Webmaster Tools on your site, log in and go to Site configuration > Settings, and set your Geographic target to the United States.

For Bing and other search engines, you can set the content-language in a meta tag or in your HTTP headers (see here).

Yeah, it's your personalized results.  If you go to http://www.google.com/search?q=mixtapes&pws=0 (the &pws=0 removes personalization), you won't find it on the first page, or in the first several pages of results.

These guys hit the nail on the head, but I thought I'd throw my 2 cents in here and recommend Google Analytics Remarketing.  We've seen an even better ROI on our retargeting users through Adwords using custom events and goals we set up in Google Analytics (also using it to exclude users has been valuable).

Right now, there are three ways to set up remarketing in Adwords:

1. Set an individual pixel on a page you want to retarget to users who have seen (the original way, still useful to include in emails)
2. Set an Adwords script on all your pages and then retarget based on pages they've hit.
3. Google Analytics Remarketing (no need to install additional scripts on your page, just a small tweak to your GA script)

Do you know which way you set it up?  That would make it easier to troubleshoot your issues.  I take it you've set up an ad group to target that audience?

It can be done.  Make sure your development team reads through http://www.seomoz.org/blog/how-to-allow-google-to-crawl-ajax-content and http://code.google.com/web/ajaxcrawling/ before coming to any conclusions.  If you have an AJAX based website, you'll have a little extra work to do depending on the route you take.

For Google, you can go into your Webmaster Tools, and go to the Site configuration > URL parameters page.  You can set the parameters in your URLs to things like "Sorts", "Paginates", or "Narrows", so that Google will know how the parameter changes the info on the page.  Once Google knows how the parameter effects the page, presumably they'll give the right links and display URLs in their search results.

This doesn't sound ideal.  So only the home page is under URL B, and the rest of the pages are hosted under URL A?  That would seem really strange to me as a user if I entered through URL B, went to another page, and the domain changed completely.

Ideally, you should 301 redirect everything under URL A to URL B rather than using rel=canonical for them.  There's no reason to host two identical sites like this.  It's fine for multiple sites to be hosted under the same IP.  Here's a really good SEOMoz blog post about using 301 redirects vs.canonical tags.

You can include or exclude locations in the campaign settings within Adwords.  If there's a significant lead volume from India, and want to tune ads directly to them, you could duplicate your campaign(s) and geotarget them to India specifically, to get higher CTRs from those ads.  If you've upgraded to enhanced campaigns, you can do bid adjustments by location too, to easily adjust your CPCs by location.

The Adwords help article is here.  We usually refer to it location targeting or geotargeting if you want to search for it.

You can do it the same way you can add links in for comments in this Q&A forum.  Write the anchor text in the comment, then select the text, click on the link button, and then put the anchor text in the Link URL field in the pop-up that appears.

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I think it's worth it as it should only take a few minutes to set up, and it's good to have a robots.txt, even if it's allowing everything.  Put a text file named "robots.txt" in your root directory with:

<code>User-agent: *
Disallow: 

Sitemap: http://www.yourdomain.com/none-standard-location/sitemap.xml</code> 

Read more about robots.txt here: http://www.seomoz.org/learn-seo/robotstxt.

These are duplicate pages.  I'm not seeing a redirect from http://www.federalnational.com/About/tabid/82/Default.aspx to http://www.federalnational.com/about.aspx, nor is there a canonical tag telling the bot that http://www.federalnational.com/about.aspx is the canonical version.

Ideally, the platform could 301 redirect the first URL to the second.  Failing that, you could place a canonical tag in the header of the page to point to the /about.aspx page.

Not relevant to the question but I also noticed in the automatically created version of the page, the active class isn't getting set on the <a>for "About" properly so it's not getting highlighted in the header.</a>

EGOL as usual is spot on.  If you're interested in going forward, here are a few good types of campaigns to get started with that are generally high ROI:

• Remarketing (generally for display advertising, and now for search!).  This will allow you to show ads to people who visit your site, or add things to their shopping cart and don't check out.  You can link your Adwords account to Google Analytics to use your goals and events from there to make this even easier (see here).  Since they've been on your site before, you know there's some extra interest in your products.
• Product Listing Ads.  Many merchants see a good return on these if you can optimize your merchant feeds properly.  These are the ads that appear when you search for a specific product, with the tiny pictures on the search results page.
• Brand advertising.  For example, if your company Acme sells trail running shoes, if someone searches for "Acme trail running shoes", they're going to see ads above your organic listings, and you'll lose some clicks to them.  You can pretty easily get your ad to the top of the pile because your quality score will usually be a perfect 10 for these keywords.

Yes, almost all of the link juice passes through with a 301 redirect.  A little is lost, but a very tiny amount.

Source: Matt Cutts http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/rel-canonical-html-head/

Since you have no control over those other websites, you can't really do anything to get them to remove the links.  But because of this, incoming links to your site will never penalize your site.  If they did, you're right, a competitor could get sites penalized on purpose and point lots of links from them to your site.

What else could have caused your site to get penalized?  Could one of the Panda updates have caused it?  Check out the time line here and see if it lines up to when your site lost its traffic: http://www.seomoz.org/google-algorithm-change.

Google Adsense is for publishers to place Google display ads on their pages.  Google Adwords is about buying ad placements on Google searches, and Adsense publisher websites.  It sounds like you're looking for Google Adwords if you're looking to put your own ads out there.

Ads are not cheating!  Here, we bid on some keywords for things that we don't even have on our site, because the people doing those searches haven't realized yet what they should be looking for is our product.  Since those keywords aren't even on the site, we don't have the opportunity to rank for them organically.

If you're not tagging your destination URLs in Adwords, you will need to turn on auto-tagging so that Google Analytics can track clicks from Adwords.  When you log into Adwords, click on the "My Account" tab, and choose "Preferences".  If auto-tagging is not enabled, enable it.  What this will do is when someone clicks on an ad to your site, you'll see a parameter added, called gclid.  This parameter encodes all the data that you'd normally have in your utm parameters (if you build URLs like these from here), so that Google Analytics can properly track your ad campaigns.

Also, like Chris mentions, make sure in the admin settings in Google Analytics that your account is linked to that Adwords account.

Having two homepages sounds weird to me. I'd definitely opt for 301 redirecting /Index to your regular home page to pass all the link juice to one page.  The old /Index page isn't really an "empty" URL, it will redirect to your regular home page, so people who try to navigate there will see your regular home page.

How to implement the redirect I believe will depend on what you're running your server on (Apache, etc).

Google just announced some tags to help support pagination better.  They say if you have a view all option that doesn't take too long to load, searchers generally prefer that, so you can rel=canonical to that page.  However, if you don't have a view all page, then you can put these nifty rel="next" and rel="prev" tags in to let Google know your page has pagination, and where the next and previous pages are.

View all: http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2011/09/view-all-in-search-results.html

next/prev: http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2011/09/pagination-with-relnext-and-relprev.html

The data in the Sales and Trends report in iTunes Connect should be considered the truth.  If you don't see that report, you should talk to whomever is your admin in iTunes Connect to give you the appropriate access.

I use a site I really like called Appfigures.com that links up to my iTunes Connect to track rankings over time, and get a better picture of downloads by country over time.  They also pull data on reviews, where you're being featured, and general rankings if you want to see how other apps rank compared to yours.  They have a free trial if you want to try it out, and it's like $5/mo for one app after that, so it won't break the bank.