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The 301 doesn't seem to be in place.
Since you say you've done it through cPanel:
-Have you checked there to see if the redirect is active there?
-Did you ask your hosting provider?
You can always do it manually through .htaccess or if you find that too complicated and since you are using WordPress, you can try one of their redirection plugins.
I guess it would depend on the competitiveness of that query, and how relevant your page is for it. It is possible to appear in the SERPs for.an alternate, broader or complementary query, but again, you could be very deep on those SERPs or not at all depending on the competition.
You could always have two pages on your site optimized for the two different set of keywords.
All other factors being equal, and unless you are in Boston, the page optimized for "english courses" should have preference for the the query "english courses".
Those are probably impressions from framed, cached and/or translated content, you should be safe authorizing them since they are Google sites, nevertheless I couldn't find any official info about it and personally I don't allow any sites besides my own to show my AdSense ID, as I'd like my account to be in the extra-safe side (some would say I'm paranoid), at least among the things that I can control.
Anyway, you should be able to see approximately how much revenue you are "losing" by checking your account reports and the amount of impressions originating on those domains filtering by "sites" (check "Web caches and others"), probably peanuts, so IMO it's not worth it.
If your site has been indeed penalized and doesn't have much traffic/users, and, since you're taking the time to do this, you might as well consider migrating your content to a new domain name (no re-directions).
You can easily change file extensions by making use of mod_rewrite, but you shouldn't make that decision lightly since you would be changing your whole URL structure.
Bare in mind that urlexample.html, urlexample.php and urlexample are different URLs and you should make a thorough redirection between them, update your links, sitemap, etc.
If you already have friendly URLs I wouldn't do that change since it wouldn't make a significative improvement and could hurt your rankings, now, if your starting a new site or you need to change your URLs anyway for more important reasons (i.e.: unstructured bloated, non-descriptive, etc.), then you could go the extra mile since you'd be making your URLs a bit more friendly and a bit shorter, which is probably a good idea.
Also, you wouldn't have to worry again about redirects in case you need a platform migration (i.e. PHP to ASP).
Some further reading:
Basically, yes.
I'm not sure if you can use 301 redirects (best method) in Blogspot, if not you could set the new domain's URLs as canonical.
You could also use the "change of address" feature in Google's Webmaster Tools. although. again. I'm not sure if you can use it with Blogspot (not a big fan of the service as you can see 
When you finish, check, re check, and keep an eye for those 404s!
When a domain goes into pending delete status it's DNS have been usually deactivated for a while, generally since the domain entered it's redemption grace period (depending on the domain extension and the registrar).
It usually takes some time for a 301 to 'settle', so I would renew the old domain and keep it redirected for a while, here you'll find a compendium of data on the subject.
The thing is, if the domain has gone into pending delete status, the domain will be deleted soon (5 day period) and you won't be able to renew it. You could use a back order service to try and snatch it, or you could try to do it by hand if the domain is not valuable.
1- When the domain expires (probably sooner), you will loose access to the domain hence the address change will stop working, you'll see that in Webmaster Tools.
2- The pages will cease to exist and so will the redirections, the advise is to keep control of the old domain for at least 180 days.
3- It depends on several factors, like the amount of indexed pages, the amount of links pointing to them, crawling rate, etc. but for an average site it usually takes a couple of months for it to completely disappear from the index (can be a lot faster though).
Yes, there is a way to keep them out of the SERPs and restrict them from getting link juice: using noindex + nofollow, but bare in mind you'll be loosing that link juice and impairing it's flow throughout your site, besides indicating Google that you don't "trust" those pages.
A workaround would be consolidating those links.
Using robots.txt won't ensure that your pages are kept out of the SERPs, since any external link to those pages could get them indexed. If you need to make sure, the best way should be the noindex meta tag.
Now, in order not to loose your linkjuice, you should make sure to use "noindex, follow" in your meta, that way you're still preventing the pages from being indexed but you are allowing the juice flow through them.
If you want to pass the less possible juice to those pages, you should try to link them as little as possible or consolidate those links in fewer pages throughout your site.
Here's some useful information on the subject:
If you want to avoid it you could do that but It'd really depend on each case since the use you're giving the tags and their usefulness for your users (even in the SERPs) it's what should give you the right answer.
Some resources that could help you make an informed decision:
Also, a search within the Q&A should provide useful information.
Check out Google's Global Market Finder, it could give out a few useful clues.
Yes, among other elements, the location of your IP does impact the SERPs if you're using a gTLD (.com, .net, .org, etc.) for your website, but you can also set your domain geolocation using Google's Webmaster Tools.
Read on:
Working with multi-regional websites (Point #3 - Geotargeting factors)
It depends on the use you are going to give to the CMS and what kind of capabilities you are looking for. Here is a link to a resource site were you can compare any CMS side by side and have a glance at it's features and capabilities compared in a friendly manner: http://www.cmsmatrix.org/
And here is a place where you can test them: http://opensourcecms.com/
Good luck with your choice!
You can mark the post as spam and ban the author from posting again in your page and/or report them.
Check here:
https://www.facebook.com/report
http://www.facebook.com/help/263149623790594/
By the way, it's probably not a good idea to spam this forums.
Good luck!
Here are a few things you could do (no particular order):
Good luck!
Is it DA the most significant metric you're looking at? What about other metrics? Maybe this has something to do with your DA dropping a bit: Mozscape API Temporarily Rolled Back to March 19 Index ?
Does that validate?
I'm no expert, but I think the trailing slash shouldn't be used with meta elements, except maybe if the declared DocType is XML or XHTML? If you do, leave a space just before it, like in your rel canonical line, for compatibility's sake (old stuff but just in case, it won't hurt).
And shouldn't it be a space between the comma and follow in "noindex, follow"?
Yes, that happens sometimes, just make sure the plugin has implemented the tags correctly and that the head of your pages don't contain any other misplaced meta tags or invalid code, since this could cause the issue.
Then give it a try, it usually works, you'll have to wait until the site is re-crawled dough, so give it some time. Then, if it doesn't work, you could take more drastic measures.
Good luck, and follow Alan's advice of using 'no-index, follow' in your tag if you want to make sure of keeping the link flow.
Yes, they could affect your rankings, probably more so if you're getting errors and warnings from them, and even if you don't want to index them, depending on which kind of errors you're getting, it'd be probably a good idea to fix them up, as they will still be part of your site.
Now, if you use robots.txt those pages could get indexed anyway (i.e. someone else links to them), and could also stall ranking factors, read more here.
About the links, you'd probably be better off using 'noindex' instead of 'nofollow', to make sure pages aren't indexed and don't drain your juice, but I guess in this case the best choice would be to use a 'noindex, follow' meta tag within those pages, to make sure they aren't indexed and don't drain your site.
Although, if the content is sensitive (as you say, customer data) it'd be better to password protect it, that way you'd be blocking not only search engine bots but malicious robots, spyware, and uninvited users as well.