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I can't see any reason why you would want to nofollow links to your own social networking pages. They are very much related to your site so why not pass pagerank to them. As Takeshi rightly points out, if you nofollow them then any pagerank they might have got from your home page just evaporates.

I think the best thing to consider is what is best for your users rather than a search engine. If having a mobile version improves their user experience then great.

Google have expressed a preference for responsive over mobile but again you have to think are your users best served by a mobile (and possibly scaled back version) of your site.

There have been some great blogs on Moz on the whole mobile issue which I think you should check out.

http://moz.com/blog/seo-of-responsive-web-design

http://moz.com/blog/how-to-optimize-a-mobile-site

http://moz.com/blog/mobile-seo-process

Have you had a look in Webmaster tools for any issues? Any unnatural links warnings? Have you lost any significant backlinks? There could be any number of reasons, be it Penguin or Panda - without more info people will struggle to give you suitable solutions.

Definitely your language used in your URLs should reflect the country/language you are targeting. If, for example, you saw a search result in US SERPs but the language URL was in Spanish, I'm pretty certain most people would be less inclined to click on the result.

No following those links such as contact us does not mean that link juice is retained for the other pages you want to rank for. It is now the case that if you nofollow those links that that link juice is effectively wasted, i.e. not passed to the other followed links.

By all means, if you don't want to rank for pages such as contact, how to order etc then do so, but this does not mean you'll save the juice for other pages you want to rank for

I think this piece sums up the position nicely http://www.uk-small-business-seo.co.uk/seo-tip-rel-follow-internal-links

This was covered by Matt Cutts in a blog post way back in 2007 but the advice is still the same as Mik has pointed out. Search results could be considered to be thin content and not particularly useful to users so you can understand why Google want to avoid seeing search results in search result pages.  Certainly I block all search results in robots.txt for all out sites.

You may lose 4% of your search traffic in the short term, but in the long term it could mean that you gain far more.

Personally, I'd focus on your own site and keeping your content quality and unique. In the past we have had our fingers burned by syndicating content to other sites and finding that they end up outranking us for our own content. While the referral traffic can of course be useful, you have to weigh up whether the benefits of referral traffic outweigh the negative impact on the ability of your own site to rank well.

If you decide that referral traffic would still be an avenue you wish to pursue then perhaps you could consider providing content that is considerably different from the version that you keep on your own site or at least making it just an abridged version. Also make sure you publish the content first on your own site before allowing it to be published elsewhere.

Google will not view translated content as duplicated, rather it will view it as rather spammy since auto translations are far from perfect and the translated content often appears as a very 'broken' version of whatever language you are translating into. Ideally, while I appreciate it can be pricey, do not use autotranslate tools but instead have content translated properly by a professional.

Redirecting multiple pages to one page is ok so long as there is relevance, after all you want to send your users to somewhere that is of use to them. What you don't want to do is just point all 404s to one page such as your home page.

I think the whole redirect issue was expertly covered by Cyrus recently in this great blog post.

It really depends which markets your client is trying to target. If their target market is UK only then the .co.uk is perfectly fine. If the .com is available then it would do no harm to purchase it to save a competitor getting hold of it and outranking for the domain/brand name. You could simply redirect the .com to your .co.uk site.

Alternatively if the target is wider than the UK then it becomes increasingly difficult (though not impossible) to rank with a .co.uk in other countries. Hope this helps.

You could make use of differentiating each of the title tags with use of page 2, page 3 etc but in addition if you really want to capitalise on the strength of the pages you could make use of the rel=next  rel=prev mark up to give a strong indication to Google that these are a paginated series. This will consolidate the indexing properties across all the pages.

Look at the following example lifted from Google webmaster Central

Let’s say you have content paginated into the URLs:

http://www.example.com/article?story=abc&page=1
http://www.example.com/article?story=abc&page=2
http://www.example.com/article?story=abc&page=3
http://www.example.com/article?story=abc&page=4

On the first page, http://www.example.com/article?story=abc&page=1, you’d include in the section:

On the second page, http://www.example.com/article?story=abc&page=2:

On the third page, http://www.example.com/article?story=abc&page=3:

And on the last page, http://www.example.com/article?story=abc&page=4:

By all means make each of the titles unique, but also connect them all in the series by implementing rel=next rel=prev.

I would be very weary of any such reciprocal link scheme as this would be a breach of Google's  guidelines. Any link exchange of such nature could have a negative impact on your ranking.

Take a look here http://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=66356

Links out to quality useful sites that are relevant to your niche will help your SEO efforts. There was a great WBF by Cyrus Shepard from a couple of years ago which is well worth checking out and is still very relevant today.

No one can say with any certainty as it varies from site to site and depends how frequently your site is crawled, so all I can say is patience is key.  I've know some pages on our sites removed from the index within a week and others take far longer.

There definitely seems to be a sea change whereby much of the focus now is to concentrate on providing good content and great user experience. By getting your audience to remain on your site for longer, sharing your content, and potentially returning to your site again is what should pay dividends . That not to say that certain basic SEO principles should be ignored but user experience is surely the key.

This may seem like an obvious answer but what is wrong with using Google Analytics? All info about traffic, referring sites and more in one place. If you want  to see info about Ranking why not use a Chrome Extension such as PageRank Status.

I'm in complete agreement that a 301 instead of a 302 is the best practice here, but wanted to point out that 302s do not necessarily pass no page rank at all. Check out this test study by Geoff Kenyon which dispels the theory that 302 pass no page rank at all, but clearly 301 is preferable in most cases.

Why not differentiate each of your titles by the actual content so that you include relevant keywords in your titles?

For example if it's a blog about 'Beauty Tips for Women over 40' then make that the title rather than calling the post 'Beauty Industry News - today's date'. Page title is an important ranking factor so make sure that your title gives both the user and search engines a clue of what the content of the blog post actually is.

Definitely agree translating the URLs is a must. Having keywords in your URL can aid your SEO efforts so it makes sense for the keywords to be in the language of the country you are targeting with the translated content.Certainly if I looked at SERPs for an English language search but found the URLs written in a foreign lanaguage I would not click on that search result as it instantly looks rather strange or even spammy.

Back links are just one part of a very big equation. Try to look at it from the standpoint of the quality of your content. Is your content better than your competition? Would people be more inclined to share your content and perhaps link to it than your competitor's page? Would a user clicking on your page actually hang round long enough to view your content instead of clicking on the back browser button?

As Highland rightly says 'build quality content first' and this is good solid advice. Getting hung up on DA and PA isn't where you should be concentrating your attention - instead you should concentrate on good quality unique content and the links should naturally follow.