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You have the instance that is the reason I took a liking to international SEO. In your instance, because of the annoyances of commonly used languages that are also countries ... I suggest ccTLDs or subdomains. Subdomains - You will have to claim each subdomain in Search Console and target them to their specific countries and then use hreflang between the languages within the country subsites. www.domain.com (main) www.domain.com/fr (french) www.domain.com/es (spanish) ca.domain.com/en (Canadian, english) ca.domain.com/fr (Canadian, french) fr.domain.com (France) ccTLDs - This does the geo-targeting for you. You will need to put the hreflang between the languages within the country sites. www.domain.com (main) www.domain.com/fr (french) www.domain.com/es (spanish) www.domain.ca/en (Canadian, english) www.domain.ca/fr  (Canadian, french) www.domain.fr (France) It does not matter which you use. But if you wanted to use the same root domain, the subdomains are a good way to go about that!