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Yup. Phone will be real and have confirmation to avoid incidental clicks.
No - adding subcats into menu will make navigation heavy for mobile users. Click hamburger, click category, click subcategory, click sub-subcategory. No way someone to nagivate there.

I sent you mine contacts on your site where we can discuss "boring details".

TL;DR - YES

Long story - i'm author of similar desktop tool called SEOPingler:
http://www.mobiliodevelopment.com/seopingler/
so anyone you can use to ping anything. And bots are coming within second or two. This works perfect.

The problem is when you use this to ping many URLs (like 10k-20k). At some time this stop working and ping API endpoint receive your request but i can't see that bots are coming. This mean that there is some threshold that if you pass it for IP and you're temporary blacklisted. I also heard (but i can't confirm this) that this temporary may vary due previous usage. For me this isn't problem because users can blacklist their own IPs. And they can use hotspot wifi internet or VPN for continuing pinging.

But on server this will be HUGE problem because you can't switch IPs on-fly. And no one can guarantee how long your IP will be blacklisted.

You don't need BOTH sitemaps. You need ONE as i show you in mine link.

That's correct.

Long story - there is hreflang in HTML head and in xml sitemap. What's the difference? In HTML you can use same-site or cross-site links (between domains), in XML they are only in same domain. So in XML sitemap you can't use cross-site links (between different domains).

Also in SearchConsole you can set "international targeting" (SearchConsole -> Search Traffic -> International Targeting -> Country) for different sites.

I know that hreflang is little bit complicated but once you setup your first site correct then on next sites will be much faster.

Same here. This is when you put "share bar" on top somewhere in pages. And repeating "share" many times is also causing this.

Probably solution is to put share as side bar or in bottom and definitely minimize texts as "share" or "facebook" in text of articles.

Tuff situation. Why? Browser didn't sent # and everything behind it to the server.

So if you trying to get url as http://www.example.com/#!my-super-duper-url
Browser will sent to the server request for http://www.example.com/ and server will process it. But full url that browser want is also included #! fragment. This mean that you can't make .htaccess redirect, nor some server side redirects for the moment.

So same hurt also all bot and crawlers (Including Moz Roger!). And there was solution:
https://developers.google.com/webmasters/ajax-crawling/docs/specification?hl=en
but later this solution was deprecated:
https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.bg/2015/10/deprecating-our-ajax-crawling-scheme.html

And this make things complicated. For now they still support old solution so will be OK for bots. Probably for some users that comes from bookmarks, emails and/or other traffic sources can have hard times. Because will be redirected to "homepage". So maybe combination of both methods (JS redirector + your actual method) can save the day for humans and bots.

Disavow w/o any doubts. Also report for scrapper and hosting weird redirects (and maybe malware soon!):
http://www.webpagetest.org/result/160202_M1_GH/
just see waterfall diagram and watchout for iTunes, Alibaba, Bing, Codecanyon, Walmart, and few more.

Starting from today Google also sent notes about spam:
http://www.thesempost.com/google-sending-confirmation-notices-for-spam-reports/
so for now every report count.

PS: I just make another test here:
http://www.webpagetest.org/result/160202_19_Y1/
this time with "save results body". Seems not so trivial! This site is trying to add someone in mine list of CodeCanyon. Also trying to manipulate Groupon + increase visits of Indeed job offer.

Yes - you can!
https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/93636?hl=en
Just follow instructions there. And check 301 redirects for correct location also canonicals, sitemap, robots.txt and links to static assets (CSS/JS) and link to pages.

Why you make 301/302 redirect to other site when you just can make hreflang cross domain between sites?
Then italian users will see italian version in SERP and english users can see english version.

Here is how to do it:
https://moz.com/learn/seo/hreflang-tag
https://moz.com/blog/hreflang-behaviour-insights
https://moz.com/blog/using-the-correct-hreflang-tag-a-new-generator-tool
https://moz.com/blog/open-source-library-tool-check-hreflang
http://www.searchenginejournal.com/getting-a-better-understanding-of-hreflang/60468/

You also need to verify in SearchConsole both sites and can setup on Italian site that it's for Italians. And setup English for worldwide.

PageRank isn't updated from December 6, 2013 and won't be updated in future. Please don't rely on this metric anymore.
https://www.seroundtable.com/google-next-pagerank-update-19902.html

You can use Moz DA,PA, MozTrust, MozRank. You also can use Majestic CF, TF; also Ahrefs URL rating, domain rating. Because all of them are updated least monthly. But comparing them with 2 years old data (PR) isn't fair.

You can return same page with different content based on cookie safe. Just don't forget to add "Vary: Cookie" in headers. This will to told browsers and bots that this content is different based on cookie.

Yes, it's possible. I have example that on same host i host few sites that can rank on same keywords in SERP.

But you should watch for some spam sites on same IP:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsSwqo16C8s
there is example 26k vs. 1.

Update:
So few sites can rank. But when you try to rank much more then you can trigger some algorithmic filter (i can't find hangout where this is explained) because ranking engine will start to demote you. Since you have time to invest in few sites you should focus on single site. It's like quantity vs quality debate.

Well - this was asked many times and answer is No. Here are more info about this https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXt23AXlJJU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keIzr3eWK8I https://www.seroundtable.com/seo-geo-location-server-google-17468.html https://moz.com/community/q/does-the-location-of-my-server-effect-my-seo

But if you are using generic domain (not ccTLD or SearchConsole targeting country) this could be problem - https://builtvisible.com/ip-location-search-results/ They have .com domain and targeting UK market

So - if you have .de domain and in SC you set preferred geo location to Germany and your server is located in France (near Germany) then you shouldn't have to worry about it.

Google recommend to keep this with 302:
https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2014/05/creating-right-homepage-for-your.html
so keep it as now with 302, just add hreflang for both pages after redirect. Also on original domain add "vary: accept-language" header.

I think that one redirection is better than two redirections specially for mobile users.

I also experience some issues with OSE at the moment too.

Probably it's related with forthcoming Moz index refresh and will be fixed within few hours.

Building rewrite URLs one-by-one for webserver isn't suitable for your needs. All you need is to use redirect map based on your webserver or use/create CMS redirect map.

If your URLS for redirects around 100 you can use webserver configuration typing all of them in server configuration. But when links become 1000+ then this will slow down webserver and make configuration not-so-simply for changes. This is why almost all of webservers support redirect map:
https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/rewrite/rewritemap.html
https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/modules/lua/
http://www.iis.net/learn/extensions/url-rewrite-module/using-custom-rewrite-providers-with-url-rewrite-module

Then all you need is to build redirect map for your webserver and do one quick test in dev environment. With many redirects anything can happen - ram or cpu hogging, etc. Once you check and recheck this you should make also CMS redirections with some plugins or write new one. You should keep both (redirect map and CMS redirects) working for some time (6 months or year). Then you can drop redirect map and use only CMS redirects for old bookmarks.

Too bad.

Probably best way is to contact someone from webspam team and sent your observations there directly. 
Other way is to report same sites as hacked because they're definitely hacked.

And will take time.

Yes - iso-8859-15 is very outdated encoding. Validator suggest that you should use UTF-8.I believe that this is also SEMRush issue too.

Fix just wrote this:

and bug will be fixed.

This is not rich snippet. This is title manipulation.

If you look their HTML code their title is as:
<title>Bitstamp - buy and sell bitcoins</title>

But if you load page you will see:
($price)Bitstamp...

In javascript they have codes as:
var page_title = 'Bitstamp - buy and sell bitcoins';
$('head title').html('($'+loc_num($('span.live_price').attr('price'))+') '+page_title);
this code is responsible for updating price in title. Seems that Google index this and store modified title in their index.

Here is official documentation of Rich Snippets:
https://developers.google.com/structured-data/rich-snippets/
and there isn't anything closer to you. Probably you can use only reviews.

This happens when a page includes a hreflang link to an alternate language, but the linked page doesn't link back to it. This post explains that:
https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.bg/2014/07/troubleshooting-hreflang-annotations-in.html

Annotations must be confirmed from the pages they are pointing to. If page A links to page B, page B must link back to page A, otherwise the annotations may not be interpreted correctly.

So if you have this error reported, you should edit the Alternate URL page code to ensure there's a hreflang link back to the matching Originating URL.