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Yes, your own second guess is the correct one. The hreflang in URL based, not domain base, so you have to specify it for every single URL that needs it.

A part from the valid hints that have been already mentioned by others, please note google is very picky when it comes to display microdata and it shows them or ignore them depending on the search query too. So for example if you search for "John Doe" it should show it, but if you expect to see that when searching for "Best Lawyer in Nevada", you are going to be disillusioned.

No, I believe we no longer see 'people' photos in the SERPs. The microdata is still recommended, but it's recommended so that Google can understand the full semantic implications of the content on your website, not to display the photo in the SERPs. John M. on Google Authorship: https://plus.google.com/+JohnMueller/posts/HZf3KDP1Dm8