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Do different match types really "compete against each other"  I would think not.  Are you really saying if theres:  [some keyword] and +some +keyword  that Adwords won't only send the closest match type to the auction and ignore others, or, if the bid for [some keyword] is $1.00 and for +some +keyword is $10.00 then you are effectively bidding $10.00 on some keyword.  However this is rare someone would make the broad match bid higher than a closer match type, so in reality I don't see a realistic scenario where a broad match is "competing" against an exact match  to effectively raise the CPC.    If the broad match bid was $0.99 and the exact match was $1.00 the exact match still goes to the auction with $1.00 max CPC.  You only send one keyword to the auction correct?

Yeah, I mean with big news sites you can see that their articles get indexed by Google almost immediately after it's published. As you said, depends on the prominence of the site, as well as how deep the page is within the site structure. On ecommerce sites, sometimes you can see that product pages that are really deep within the site structure and buried amongst thousands upon thousands of other products won't have been crawled in like 2 months. You can always check pages in Google search to see when the page was last cached or, if you're using Chrome, by appending "cache:" before the URL in the address bar (e.g. cache:www.moz.com). Gives you the date and time of Google's last cache of the page. Could always monitor that every day on another site for up to a week, and see how many times Google crawls it in a week to get an idea of frequency.

Hey There! This previous discussion should be helpful: https://moz.com/community/q/what-is-the-best-seo-tool-for-tracking-local-rankings

Howdy. As you said, it will depend on the industry. But not only. It will depend on type of service/product you offer. Example: direct purchase of simple thing like a tshirt or mug or whatever, when people wouldn't have any questions, phone conversion will be really low, since the only people calling will be somewhat unqualified buyers. Here is how we do it. So, on a landing page we have landing page specific phone number with tracking (use Twilio). And all sales are tracked in the admin. So, if someone calls, using this phone number, and makes a purchase, we have a logged time of that call and time of the purchase, placed by representative. All we have to do is match it. You can do it manually or with some script. In terms of ballpark of conversion rate, it's typically 30% from landing page. Depending on the industry of course. So, that's average rate. Therefore if you know rate for the form, you'll be able to calculate avg conversion rate for calls. Hope this makes sense