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Had a lot of experience with this... What you need to know here is:

A. ) Remember that Google will always see/cache the page as seen by user without any cookie.

B. ) This is an acceptable method of doing thing (personalization is allowed) but I wouldn't create 2 totally different content pages here. Small changes are fine but anything major can be considered as "hidden content".

C.) As a rule, using different URLs is better for SEO (but maybe not for conversion) For example, I had a site that used cookie for language setting - simply spreading the whole content over unique URL improved organic traffic by+100% (and we are talking many thousands here). Not saying this is you case, because your description sound more like a landing-page optimization, but  wanted to mention this for any future thread readers.

GL

Thanks!

Very helpful. (+1)

Google officially said the site speed is a SEO factor which, when implemented, will affect 1% of SERP results. This gives some idea of the scope of it's relevancy. (not saying 1% is either high or low, this is all very subjective)

Having said that, beyond speed improvement, CDN provides other SEO related benefits.

I've actually just published a 2-part Blog post that investigates SEO & CDN related myths and talks about CDN and SEO benefits, I hope you`ll find it useful. it should answer all questions:

Part 1: SEO & CDN Myths
Part 2: SEO & CDN benefits

This is an issue I`ve dealt with over and over again for Joomla sites.

I had some good results with Canonical URL Module but didnt use it yet for 2.5 so Im reluctant to suggest it.

Im currently working with our Dev. Team to solve this for K2 - as far as I know, if you are a K2 user youll need a custom solution.

(yes Im aware of K2 canonical plugin and no, I dont recommend it)

GL

I`ve recently covered this in a blog post about SEO & CDN Myth busting. The short answer is "No", as Google is well aware of CDN structures.
I think the image traffic drop is un-related and it may have something to do with Bot Blocking features that prevent access from Google Image bot (which, as we recently discovered, can use non-US IPs and thus may also be considered as "fake" ).

Having said that, Google official statement says that speed factors only affect 1% of SERP results. If your image traffic is high or/and valuable I would re-think this.

60-70$ a month is way too much. Today you can get free Cloud CDN + Proxy acceleration from a number of providers.

Hi, I work at Incapsula and I've just recently wrote a 2 part Blog Post that look and CDN from a SEO point-of-view. The first post deals with  SEO & CDN Myths and the second one covered CDN related SEO Benefits. I hope you`ll find this helpful.

Admittedly, I do work for a CDN provider, but I also have 7+ year of prior SEO experience (both as Freelancer, Senior Adviser, CTO and SEO/SEM Department Manager) and so, in my post, I insisted on conduction balanced discussion, using only Google official statements to prove my point.

Hope this helps.