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It took 2 weeks for us a few months ago, but we were simply told that the site did not have a penalty. We made some changes both internally and created some better links and we were back up the rankings,

So do you say if I got penalty by Google then they must mail me about why I got penalty. If none mail comes then it's not a penalty.

Rand posted a nice video a while back on Whiteboard Fridays' about the effects of out linking.  The basic jist of it is that you can link out to quality domains without any real benefit or being penalized - however - if you like to poor quality domains then it reflects poorly upon you. Sorry I can't find the link right now, I'll post it up if I find it!

OSE tends to update every 1-2 months. What I do is use linkdiagnosis.com to pull links that are indexed in CSV format, then use OSE to get authority, mozRank and Trust stats. This way you can get all your newly crawled links and get the great OSE insight.

To add to what Wissam has said, it is always a good idea to think about the following regarding URLs. Be consistent everywhere. This includes both inbound links (which you only have so much control over) and internal links. Be sure to communicate this throughout the company as there are likely others who will be rolling out links (engineers, PR, SEM, etc.). We had a situation once where blog post links were being published both with and without the '/'. It made our reporting messy (until we 'fixed the glitch'). Decide whether to include or exclude the 'www' and permanently redirect the version you don't want to use to the version you do want to use. In making this decision, consider your current backlink profile. What do most of your links currently point to? Good luck!