Does Google count the same article in different languages as duplicate content?
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If the "content" is the same, but is used in separate articles written in entirely different languages, will Google see the articles as duplicate content?
How do international companies handle information that needs to be distributed in different languages?
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No, it's unique content!

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Exactly. And, the technical build of the site can help reduce duplicate content issues, even if there international SEO for the same language (think: US English vs UK English).
Here's some great articles on this:http://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/33358/9-Ways-to-Completely-Sabotage-Your-Global-SEO-Strategy.aspx,  http://www.seomoz.org/blog/international-seo-dropping-the-information-dust, http://searchengineland.com/11-considerations-for-international-seo-117798