Are links with space considered to be the same as links with %20?
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I wonder if Google would consider those three links to be the same?
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Google would consider the above URL's to be three different pages.
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You can't have URL's with spaces in so Google would see them as 2 different URL's. If you have a space Google sees it as %20. I would avoid having this as your URL structure, try using test-page or test_page.
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http://www.example.com/test page.html will be converted to %20 so it could be interpreted as the same page
All three could be considered spaces, I wouldn't use any of them.
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From what I've seen and tested Google will consider %20 to be the same as space character. Moreover it will convert spaces in URL to %20 in SERP.
According to RFCs URL should not contain spaces or any other characters that may be incorrectly interpreted (for example <.> but there are others). Such characters should be represented as '%' followed by hex code of the character (20 in case of space).