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To my understanding in many Asian languages city names are transcribed as they sound and this can cause confusion especially in the case of lesser known American city names.

So I was planning to put in our international website versions (Chinese, Japanese, Korean etc. ) the English name in brackets after the translated city name in meta title and H1.
However when I checked Tripadvisor and Booking.com I noticed that they do not show the English city name anywhere on their Asian language versions.

Any thoughts?
Would you recommend to  put the English city name in brackets after the translated city name or may it rather hurt our ranking and traffic?

EGOL thanks. Interesting point. I could see how it may slightly increase engagement and how this in turn may be a slight positive factor in ranking, even though the focus of our site is quite obvious already on the index page. 
Still my main doubt is whether in having much more comprehensive content on the main keyword on the  domain index page instead of having the same content in a category page may as such affect positively ranking of the main keyword in google, considering that google currently lists my root domain homepage instead of my category page in SERP for main keyword.

90% of our sales are made with products in one of our product categories. 
A search for main category keyword returns our root domain index page in google, not the category page.
I was wondering whether integrating the complete main category directly in the index page of the root domain and this way including much more relevant content for this main category keyword may have a positive impact on our google ranking for the main category keyword.

Any thoughts?

I have a page which is ranking already pretty well for a relative competitive keyword. 
Google also ranks us on first page for synonym of keyword we optimize the page for (even though synonym does not appear on our page).

I am now considering to replace some occurences of the keyword in the page by different synonyms, in the hope that our ranking may further improve for these synonyms. 
However I am concerned that google may penalize me for keyword stuffing if I am using a wide range of synonyms of one keyword on our page. My plan is only to replace some occurences of keyword with synonyms. I am a bit nerveous here since page is already ranking quite well in a competitive niche.

Any thoughts?

thanks Dimitrii

Dimitrii thanks a lot. Yes all would be follow links.

I guess my main concern is the "dillution" of link juice. In several places I read that the concept of optimizing site architecture for optimizing for "link juice" would be a concept of the past. But from all my understanding how google values links it makes sense that it could affect rankings of my core landing pages if I have on the index page links to 1000 instead of 100 core landing pages.

Also my doubt is whether adding links in hidden DIV would affect dillution. Here I guess the answer can only be given by somebody who added lots of links in hidden DIV and monitored whether or not it had a noticeable impact on rankings.

Technically basically there would be 2 options:

1. javascript: hiding DIV
2. ajax (loading it only once user clicks) => here I understand that google can follow ajax links but will do this much more inconsistent since following ajax links requires more of google's ressources.

Ideally I would like to use javascript (hiding DIV), but I am concerned about dilluting "link juice" to my top 100 landing pages. Would this be a relevant concern?

Currently we have direct links to the top 100 country and  city landing pages on our index page of the root domain. 
I would like to add in the index page for each country a link "more cities" which then loads dynamically (without reloading the page and without redirecting to another page) a list with links to all cities in this country. 
I do not want to dillute "link juice" to my top 100 country and city landing pages on the index page. 
I would still like google to be able to crawl and follow these links to cities that I load dynamically later.

In this particular case typical site hiearchy of country pages with links to all cities is not an option.

Any recommendations on how best to implement?

Some elements are not properly shown when I preview our pages in search console (fetch as google), e.g.
google maps, css tables etc. and some parts are not showing up since we load them asynchroneously for best page speed.

Is this something should pay attention to and try to fix?

Thanks a lot Serge!

When searching for "Madrid hotels" in google I see that the top organic search results have one row of sitelinks. 
What can I do that also my site shows sitelinks if I am among the top organic search results?
Anything onpage that I can do to increase probability that google will show sitelinks?

Strangely the text which shows as sitelink for SERPs from booking.com and tripadvisor does actually for most of the sitelinks not appear on the landing page (I also checked the source code).

Hi Britney,  my plan would be to put at the end of the page about 5 small unobstrusive links to 5 different relevant affiliate sites.
Thanks for pointing to the case study, which was very interesting and gives hope that if we would suffer penalization by google we could recover fast by just removing the links.

We have a site of about 100.000 pages that is getting several million of visitors per year via organic search.

We plan to add about 50.000 new pages gradually in the next couple of months and would like to add affiliate links to the new pages. All these 50.000 new pages will have unique quality data that a team has been researching for a while. I would like to add in the area under the fold or towards the end of the pages in an unobstrusive way affiliate links to about 5 different affiliate programs with affiliate links customized to page content and of real value to visitors.

Since affiliate links are one of the factors that may trigger panda I am a bit nervous whether we should add the affiliate links and if there is any way of implementing the affiliate links in a way that they may be less likely to trigger panda. E.g. would you consider hiding affiliate links from google by linking to intermediate URL (which I would mark as noindex nofolllow) on our domain which then redirects to the final affiliate landing page (but google may notice via chrome or android data) ? Any other idea?

yes, but there is no info regarding my issue.

I used to be able to see google seller ratings of my sites at
https://www.google.com/shopping/seller?q=example.com

Now I just see it for sites with a couple of hundred reviews. 
Is there still any other URL or other way how I can see the seller ratings that google collected so far for my sites (even if I did not reach the threshold of 200 ratings in last 12 months)?

After some digging here is what we did finally:

1. researched with tineye.com whether images were from free image sources and that among top results in tineye were no references to licences

2. additionally we uploaded each image to https://www.picscout.com/ which is a site fully owned by getty images and upon upload indicates whether it finds any licencing information for the image. As picscout has some bad reputation for their practice of exortion letters it is probably best to not submit on their site the URL of images on your own site, but rather use their upload function instead.

We plan to add several thousand images to our site and we outsourced the image search to some freelancers who had instructions to just use royalty free pictures.

Is there any easy and quick way to check that in fact none of these images violates copyrights without having to check image by image?

In case there are violations we are unaware of, do you think we need to be concerned about a risk of receiving Takedown Notices (DMCA) before owner giving us notification for giving us opportunity to remove the photo?

Thanks a lot Laura, so I guess we would not need to be too concerned.

Everett, thanks so much. Also the link for the quality rater guidelines was very interesting and useful.

they are all genuine. but due to way it was asked answers are mainyl very short.

I remember back when searchengineland.com was hit by panda, that John Mueller mentioned that short comments could be considered by google as not too useful.