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If I understand the OP's intent, it is to target countries, not languages. Hreflang can specify alternates for a language, or a language-country combination, but unfortunately not just for a country. So, as the OP has proposed, yes you do need to specify the language and the country. And that does bring up a dilema faced by many of us in terms of what language to use. If your content is in all English, then yes you should use like "en-FR". BUT, you might also want to include an "fr-FR" as well, pointing to the same alternate URL. Because there are going to be a lot more France-based visitors on Google whose browser settings are for French language than English. For sure, both do exist (there are native English speakers in France too), but you don't have to choose one. You can include both. Google may not completely respect your directives since the content is in English (assuming that's the case), but it's what I would recommend. So, for each country (assuming the content is in English), include both an English and a language-specific hreflang tag (pointing to the same destination) for that country. Since your last example uses "es-ES", I assume maybe that you're planning to also publish some content in Spanish language. But if not, again, realize you can include multiple hreflang tags for a single country, and pointing to the same page. I also don't know where you are based. But if the business is US-based, I wouldn't duplicate US also as a localization. Rather, I would make that the default. Or, if you are based somewhere else, same thing, but with that country. On question 2, you can set up a GSC property for folder paths (www.example.com/fr/), and target those. I would not target the root level (www.example.com) in your case, because that would also apply to all the subfolders. That's one of the advantages of using subdomains instead of subfolders, is that you can target each independently. But with subfolders, you can target all except the root (because it would cascade downward). On question 3, you should do the same as you do in number 1, as long as you are duplicating those pages in each subfolder. Otherwise, if you don't give a directive of which page to index, since they are duplicates, Google is going to choose for you. And might not choose the one you prefer.