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Regarding the GCLIDs, you'll want to update  your Google AdWords campaigns and anywhere else you can updated the URLs to the new HTTPs version of your site.

Whenever you use a 301 Permanent Redirect  you typically lose the referrer data, so that's why you're going to see issues with the referrers.

BobGW, you're not the only one experience this. In the past year or so, Google has updated their internal algorithms on how they deal with links to sites. If your site has a low quality or even toxic (bad) links pointing to your website from other sites, your site's rankings will go down. And in many cases, you're not going to get any sort of warning messages or messages from Google in Google Webmaster Tools.

If you do have unnatural links that violate their guidelines, then they may send you a message, and in that case they'll ask you to file a reconsideration request after you've cleaned up the links and made good attempts to get those links removed.

The good thing is that it doesn't sound like you've received any sort of penalties--the rankings have gone down algorithmically. That doesn't mean that you don't need to evaluate all of the links to your site and get the low quality links removed.

I would look at all your links (you can use Open Site Explorer, ahrefs, or Majestic SEO or a combination of those to find the links) and review them with a fine tooth comb. Not all of the bad links will be shown in Google Webmaster Tools. You'll need to look at other tools to gather the link data.

Get rid of the ones that are low quality and get new fresh quality links and your site's rankings should come back.

The keyword in the URL is a search engine ranking factor, but is a such a small part of the overall algorithm of Google that I wouldn't change the URL. If the page is indexed, then really there's no need to change it only for search engine ranking purposes. I would concentrate on the content of that page, and work on getting trusted, on-topic links to that page.

There are proxy services available where you can, in fact, change your location and appear to be in another city. Another option is to perform a search at Google and scroll down to the bottom of the search results page. Choose "use precise location" and that should change your location to your current location.

If you are wanting to monitor rankings on a regular basis from a particular location, there are ranking checkers such as Authority Labs and SEMRush.com that will allow you to monitor rankings from a certain city or location.

You're right, link building is important and it's still an important part of Googles' search engine algorithm. What I would do first is go to Moz's Chapter 7: What is Link Building? to make sure you're familiar with the overall strategies and see some examples.

What we generally recommend is starting with looking at your particular niche and the keywords you'd like to rank for. Make a list of your top competitors and start looking at what links they have (you can use Open Site Explorer to find your competitor's links). See what types of links they have and see if you can get similar links (or get linked on the same sites). Focus on getting quality links to your site, not just "easy links".

I'm not sure if I totally understand your question. Can you explain what type of doorway/paid link activity you're referring to?

You need to evaluate each link, one by one. If the link is a good, natural link, then I wouldn't disavow it. If that link is a sponsored link or paid link, then you might consider adding a nofollow link attribute. If it's something that violates Google's Webmaster Guidelines for linking, then you should remove the links, not just disavow them.

Even though Yoast is saying the keyword does not appear in the url or any subheadings, the page still has a good chance to rank well. As long as you use it in the page copy, you should be fine. Concentrate on the internal links to that page (for example, use "moringa powder" in links that point to the page.

Also, you'll most likely need links from other sites to that page with that anchor text "moringa powder". It's also good to mix up those anchor text links from other sites, such as using "ultimet moringa powder" and "moringa ultimate original powder" so it's more "natural".

The capitalization should not make any difference. As long as the name of the company is the same, and the address and phone number is correct you should be just fine.

The page is indexed in Google just fine, if you use a site:https://www.globecar.com/en/montreal-truck-rentals query it is there. Most likely, though, there is an issue with duplicate content. The is not a lot of text on that page, and that may be very close to other pages on the site. I would check siteliner.com to see if the page has duplicate content similar to other pages on the site.

I know this is frustrating. There are a few areas that I would look into that could be causing this: duplicate content issues and links. First, look to see if you have any duplicate content issues on the site. There could be a duplicate copy of the site (perhaps a dev version that should not be indexed) or even certain content on your site that's causing issues. You might try Siteliner's crawler to identify if there are any issues you can fix.

Another possible reason is the links to the site. The site could have been hit by negative SEO, and a lot of "low quality" links or off-topic links could be pointing to your site. I've seen this in the past, and the only thing you can do is identify the links and disavow them. Sometimes you can get them removed, but disavowing them should work.

Yes, in your example it WOULD affect the ranking, as the first URL no longer exists. Ideally the 1st URL should 301 redirect to the 2nd URL, the updated one. In most cases, timing is everything--and getting a URL crawled and indexed quickly means a lot when it comes to rankings. Keep in mind, though, that you're getting a good ranking, but you then essentially ignore it and get rid of that ranking when you change URLs.

If you are going to literally shut down your m. subdomain, then the best way to do it is to use 301 Permanent Redirects to redirect the traffic to the appropriate page on the main domain. I would NOT use canonical tags in this case.

I'm not sure exactly what you're trying to do, but we typically recommend downloading all of the links from OSE, Majestic, ahrefs, and Google Search Console--and then putting them all into your own spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel. If you're wanting to look at anchor text data, you can combine that all into one spreadsheet (except for the GSC link data).

You might also try combining all that link data into Link Research Tools' link detox tool to review the links. That way you can include all of the Google Search Console link data.

If there are links on your site going to sites that are penalized, you generally need to remove those links on your site.

If the site has good search engine rankings, then I wouldn't necessarily worry too much about Domain Authority dropping. It could be that the other sites linking to your client site has dropped, so that would then drop your client's DA.

The biggest decision here is whether or not you want to continue to maintain two separate websites--or if it's better to spend your time building one brand and concentrating on one website.

When it comes to links, Domain Authority, and Page Authority, you can easily 301 redirect the old site to the new one--so that really shouldn't be a concern. It's the overall decision of maintaining and building two sites and two brands--rather than one.

Jessica, whenever you think of adding a meta robots noindex, follow tag, I prefer to try to determine if you need the page at all on the website. If you're using a canonical tag, then that's fine--but we prefer to remove pages entirely from the site if you're going to use the noindex, follow tag. A page with that tag on it generally doesn't provide any SEO value to the site, it only allows engines to continue to crawl the site.

even maybe prevent bots from crawling our website properly
When you mention that, the follow tag will actually allow the site to be crawled.

If the page on your site is useful for users, then keep it (and use a canonical tag if necessary to prevent duplicate content issues). Otherwise, consider removing the page if you don't want it indexed.

When it comes to site-wide links, first consider the users--if you think they will actually click on those links and it would be helpful for them, then you should include them. If you were to include those links in the footer, they should be nofollow links.

They certainly will make note of those phone numbers, but since the phone number is not a web page there's no way to pass on "link juice" to it. So, there's really no reason to mark it as a nofollow link.

Federico is right, it's not necessarily how often you post, but what you post. Keep in mind, though, that typically just posting is not enough: make sure that you do some extra promotion of each post, like adding it to your Twitter account, Facebook account, Google Plus account, etc. so that there are links and social media mentions going to each post.