Blog subdomain not redirecting
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You are going to have to add a manual rewrite rule to the htaccess, preferably at the top. This might help, http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1321123/redirect-from-subdomain-to-domain-htaccess But like Travis said, be careful, make a back up, because you can break your site doing this.
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We are using the Redirection plugin.
https://wordpress.org/plugins/redirection/
However, everything I have entered is at the page level (redirect page1 to page2). I don't know if the Redirection plugin even supports subdomain redirection. I am checking that now (a quick scan of the support page for that plugin finds every question related to subdomains unanswered :)).
It seems the working assumption is that nothing changed and that Moz/Google just found this for the first time, which I hadn't considered.
Thanks.
Mark
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Okay, here's what I got:
The plugin supposedly operates independently of .htaccess. So taking that at face value, I don't think you're going to get what you need out of the plugin.
I would imagine the .htaccess file is much the same as it was when the site launched, or when it was last modified by the developer. So that file is likely going to need editing to achieve what you need. However, that file isn't something you just want to play with in a live environment.
And it's not something anyone in their right mind would blindly say; "Yeah just copy and paste this rule!"
I would talk to Dale and see if he has a block of free time coming up.
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Test that non-www 301's to www
Make sure that all your internal links point to www, you don't want links that you control going thought a redirect.If those 2 are ok, then forget the report it will sort itself out over time.
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This particular situation won't sort itself out. There's a sub involved and I suspect it's a rewrite rule that shouldn't be there. The developer appears to be somewhat sophisticated as they're using X-FRAME-OPTIONS in a way that doesn't allow iFrames to work outside of the domain.
So who knows what goodies await in .htaccess.

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Thanks Alan. I would like to verify one aspect of this.
Somehow, Moz/Google located the blog.<domain>.com pages. I honestly don't know why but I assume that if these pages have actual resolved all along, as they do now, then I could potentially have external URLs pointing to them, yes? If so, then if I just follow the suggestion you have made then won't I continue to have duplicate content issues? I fear I am missing something from your suggestion :)</domain>
PS: I just realized what you perhaps meant. I have generally seen references to "non-www" to mean URLs of the form http://<domain>.com</domain> ie. with no subdomain. But I am guessing you mean "non-www" in the broader sense - absolutely ANYTHING that doesn't have the www subdomain should redirect there. That's presumably what you had in mind, yes?
Thanks again.
Mark
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Travis,
I want to be really sure I understand what you are saying so let me clarify.
I do have a blog DNS entry, referring to the server (just like I have www, to the same IP address). In a "clean" installation, any page being requested to that server, SHOULD redirect to the www subdomain because I have www.<domain>.com</domain> specified in General \ Settings. Is that accurate so far?
However, "something" (probably in .htaccess) is kicking in that allows URLs with the blog subdomain to resolve (no redirection), regardless of what is in General \ Settings, yes?
Thanks.
Mark
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Sorry missed the bit about blog.
obviously blog.domain.com should not 301 to www
it should point to the correct site, then all reports and google will sort themselves out.so add one more step, test that blog does in fact resolve to the correct site
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Thanks again, Alan.
I am thinking that what I probably need is to 301 redirect all URLs of the form http://blog.<domain>.com/page</domain> to http://www.<domain>.com/page</domain>, yes? In short I don't want to use the blog subdomain anywhere so, to avoid SEO inefficiencies, I should presumably redirect as above so that everything ends up at the www subdomain.
I think

Thanks.
Mark
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Ok, I think I understand a bit better, you don't have a blog?
Then I would remove the dns record for blog, if you cant do that then yes you could 301 redirectYou can do this in one redirect following the logic
if not www.domain.com then redirect to www.domain.com -
Here's the only (remotely) relevant entry I have in my .htaccess file (replacing my actual domain with <domain>):</domain>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^<domain>.com$
RewriteRule (.*) http://www.<domain>.com/$1 [R=301,L]</domain></domain>The intent of this is to redirect all URLs of the form http://<domain>.com/page</domain> to http://www.<domain>.com/page.</domain> I implemented that a while back and it seems to be working just fine.
I can't find any reference to the blog subdomain. I suspect what I need to do is implement something like this:
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^blog.<domain>.com$
RewriteRule (.*) http://www.<domain>.com/$1 [R=301,L]</domain></domain>By the way, despite appearances I am "the guy" for this site. I've completely installed/configured it from scratch so anything broken is my fault
I have the smarts to backup, test, verify, restore etc so I can make changes to .htaccess myself. I just don't have significant experience of the .htaccess file itself so just need to be cautious as I go. But it's all me 
Dare I suggest that what I am trying to achieve here (redirect from the blog subdomain to the www subdomain) shouldn't be too tricky?
Thanks.
Mark
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in htaccess "!" means not so try this
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www.domain.com$
RewriteRule (.*) http://www.domain.com/$1 [R=301,L]also when using regex special chars like "." should be escaped with "" see above www.domain.com
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The logic I used is like this.
rather than have a rules like
If wearing jeans, you must wear the school uniform
If wearing hoodie, you must wear the school uniform
If wearing a thong, you must wear the school uniform
If naked, you must wear the school uniformyou only need one rule
If not wearing school uniform, you must wear the school uniform -
Yep, totally agree with the thinking and prefer that approach. I researched the non-www (blank subdomain) solution a while back and the rewrite rule I used was suggested in a number of places. But your suggest seems much more robust, providing there's no gotcha (I know of none).
I implemented this and it seems to be working (after a bit of a detour because of caching :)). So, I think I am good and will monitor.
A big thanks to you and Travis. I very much appreciate the prompt responses.
Mark
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I'm hesitant to say; "Do X." because I'm not really sure what will happen - with the redirect plugin in the mix. I imagine a lot, if not all of the subdomain folders and pages have already been redirected via the plugin. So I imagine the path of least disaster at the moment is just redirecting the subdomain (sub.domain.com) to the main domain (www.domain.com) alone.
I could be totally wrong, but this one is weird.
Test out the rule and then push live. Here is the code to redirect just the subdomain to just the www domain:
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^blog.domain.com$ [NC]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/?$
RewriteRule .* http://www.domain.com [R=301,L]Double check it, triple check it and then push live. Keep a very close eye on it. I really hope we don't end up with a loop.
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Take a copy of the htaccess file, if something goes wrong, then you can always go back
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Looks like that, or some approximation thereof has you sorted. I would just like to add that you should keep an eye on Webmaster Tools.
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So far so good - every URL I try to my site is now redirected to the www subdomain and, to date, I am unaware of any side effects. I will keep monitoring but all looks good at this point.
Thanks again to everyone who helped with this.
Mark